Nature of International Trade, Labour Productivity and Comparative Advantage - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1689 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Subject: Nature of International Trade, labor Productivity and comparative advantage Trade Trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services for money or moneys worth. It involves transfer or exchange of goods and services for money or moneys worth. The manufacturers or producer produces the goods, then moves on to the wholesaler, then to retailer and finally to the ultimate consumer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nature of International Trade, Labour Productivity and Comparative Advantage" essay for you Create order Trade is essential for satisfaction of human wants, Trade is conducted not only for the sake of earning profit; it also provides service to the consumers. Trade is an important social activity because the society needs uninterrupted supply of goods forever increasing and ever changing but never ending human wants. Different Types of Trade Trade can be divided into following two types, viz. Internal or Home or Domestic trade. External or Foreign or International trade 1. Internal Trade Internal trade is also known as Home trade. It is conducted within the political and geographical boundaries of a country. It can be at local level, regional level or national level. Hence trade carried on among traders of Delhi, Mumbai, etc. is called home trade. Internal trade can be further sub-divided into two groups, viz. Wholesale Trade: It involves buying in large quantities from producers or manufacturers and selling in lots to retailers for resale to consumers. The wholesaler is a link between manufacturer and retailer. A wholesaler occupies prominent position since manufacturers as well as retailers both are dependent upon him. Wholesaler act as a intermediary between producers and retailers. Retail Trade: It involves buying in smaller lots from the wholesalers and selling in very small quantities to the consumers for personal use. The retailer is the last link in the chain of distribution. He establishes a link between wholesalers and consumers. There are different types of retailers small as well as large. Small scale retailers include hawkers, peddlers, general shops, etc. 2. External Trade External trade also called as ForeignHYPERLINK https://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-is-foreign-trade-types-and.html trade. It refers to buying and selling between two or more countries. For instance, If Mr. X who is a trader from Mumbai sells his goods to Mr. Y another trader from New York then this is an example of foreign trade. External trade can be further sub-divided into three groups, viz. Export Trade: When a trader from home country sells his goods to a trader located in another country, it is called export trade. For e.g. a trader from India sells his goods to a trader located in China. Import Trade: When a trader in home country obtains or purchase goods from a trader located in another country, it is called import trade. For e.g. a trader from India purchase goods from a trader located in China. Entrepot Trade: When goods are imported from one country and then re-exported after doing some processing, it is called entrepot trade. In brief, it can be also called as re-export of processed imported goods. For e.g. an Indian trader (from India) purchase some raw material or spare parts from a Japanese trader (from Japan), then assembles it i.e. convert into finished goods and then re-export to an American trader (in U.S.A). Reasons of Trade: Different factor endowmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some economies are rich in natural resources while others have relatively little. Trade enables economies to specialize in the export of some resources and earn revenue to pay for imports of other goods. Increased welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" specialization (where countries have a comparative advantage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" see the next section for more detail on this) and trade allow countries to gain a higher level of consumption than they would do domestically and this leads to increased welfare and higher living standards. To gaineconomies of scaleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with specialization and production on a larger scale than may be possible domestically, a country may be able to gain more economies of scale. This will lead to lower average costs and benefit consumers through lower prices. Diversity of choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" trade enables us to access goods and services that we may not be able to produce ourselves. What would be an example in your country of goods that you can only get through trade? Political / historical reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some trade takes place for political and other reasons relating to history and tradition, though this is generally diminishing in importance. Increased competitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" increased global competition may help to spur domestic productivity improvements and give domestic firms a better incentive to innovate and improve their products. This will benefit consumers. Trade may be anà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"engine for growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" increased trade may help to spur greater domestic economic growth and drive further improvements in living standards. Labor productivity Labor productivityis the amount ofgoodsandservicesthat aworkerproduces in a given amount of time. It is one of several types ofproductivitythateconomistsmeasure. Workforce productivity can be measured for a firm, a process, an industry, or a country. It is often referred to asWorkforce productivity. Workforce productivity can be measured in 2 ways, in physical terms or in price terms. The intensity of labor-effort, and the quality of labor effort generally. The creative activity involved in producing technical innovations. The relative efficiency gains resulting from different systems of management, organization, co-ordination or engineering. The productive effects of some forms of labor on other forms of labor. The factors affecting labor productivity or the performance of individual work roles are of broadly the same type as those that affect the performance of manufacturing firms as a whole. They include: (1) Physical-organic, location, and technological factors. (2) Cultural belief-value and individual attitudinal, motivational and behavioural factors. (3) International influences à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" e.g. levels of innovativeness and efficiency on the part of the owners and managers of inward investing foreign companies. (4) Managerial-organizational and wider economic and political-legal environments. (5) Levels of flexibility in internal labor markets and the organization of work activities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" e.g. the presence or absence of traditional craft demarcation lines and barriers to occupational entry. (6) Individual rewards and payment systems, and the effectiveness of personnel managers and others in recruiting, training, communicating with, and performanc e-motivating employees on the basis of pay and other incentives. Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage is an economic theory about the potentialgains from tradefor individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in theirfactor endowmentsortechnological progress.In aneconomic model, anagenthas a comparative advantage over another in producing a particulargoodif she can produce that good at a lower relativeopportunity costorautarky price i.e. at a lower relativemarginal costprior to trade. The closely-relatedlaworprinciple of comparative advantageholds that underfree trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which she has a comparative advantage. Further, if two countries capable of producing the same two commodities engage infree HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradetrade, then each country will increase its overall consumption by exporting the good for which it has a comparative advantage while importing the other good, p rovided that there exist differences inlabor productivitybetween both countries. Protectionism Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states (countries) through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to allow fair competition between imports and goods and services produced domestically. This policy contrasts with free trade, where government barriers to trade are kept to a minimum. In recent years, protectionism has become closely aligned with anti-globalization and anti-immigration. The term is mostly used in the context of economics, where protectionism refers to policies or doctrines which protect businesses and workers within a country by restricting or regulating trade with foreign nations. Methods of Protectionism A variety of methods have been used to achieve protectionist goals. These include: Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported, to favor local producers. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota are similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation: Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies have the opposite effect of export tariffs because exporters get payment, which is a percentage or proportion of the value of exported. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports.

The Reality Of Child Abuse - 854 Words

The Reality of Child Abuse A child should be in a family built with love and support, but for many children all over the United States they sadly do not. They live in a home built on fear and anger, and never knowing if they are going to live to see the next year, month, week, or even day. It is sadly the truth for children suffering from child abuse. Solving this growing problem by turning a blind shoulder is no longer the answer, in order to save these children the nation must face it head on. Child abuse is a reality many people have to face and it is time to stop it once in for all. † Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United† (childhelp.org) Everyday hundreds of calls are made in the name to stop the fight of child abuse but many go unresolved and even end in death. Child abuse in this day and age is so common but why is it never in the local paper or even on the television? Because no one wants to accept the fact that there are people out there that shows no compassion for a younger life. Why is that? In a recent study on childhelp.org they found that most predators were abused at one point in their life with sadly no one to step in to save them, so when they grow-up they also tend to fall back into the brutal cycle of this dark merry-go-round. The first step to putting a halt on child abuse is to actually know what child abuse is. â€Å"Child abuse is in the occurrence when a caretaker injures a child, not by accident but in anger orShow MoreRelatedLife Is Complex And There Is An Abundance Of Knowledge Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesby using verbal abuse, and maybe with physical abuse. 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Child abuse is often seen differently, depending on various cultures, societies, and groups. We as a society cannot really understand the effect of â€Å"Child Abuse in Our Society† unless we have the grasp knowledge of what child abuse actually is. This paperRead MoreThe Effects of Physical and Verbal Abuse on Children1666 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in our society today is the verbal and physical abuse they are receiving from their parents and guardians. This is creating unhealthy families and dysfunctional environments where children are the victims of these abusive homes. Another cause of concern is the psychological and emotional detachment abusive children have to endure. These affects occur when they have a history of being neglected or physically abused. A UNICEF on child wellbeing reported that the United States and the UnitedRead MoreThe Movie `` Precious ``1033 Words   |  5 Pagestextbook, it states â€Å"child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/ or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development of dignity in the context of a responsibility, trust, or power† ( Pg. 130). The movie â€Å"Precious†, which is an adaptation of the novel â€Å"Push† by Sapphire, touches on every aspect of this definition of child abuse, and although thisRead MoreEssay on Reality Television has Affected Society Negatively575 Words   |  3 PagesReality television has affected many areas of society negatively. The world has allowed what is being seen on television, not only dictate but copy and define, what society seems to think is real life situations are. V iolence is one of the negative effects that I am going to shine a light on. A slap here, a table flip there, and if were lucky, an all-out brawl violence was once just a scene-stealer on todays reality shows, but it now has become a part of some stars real lives. If recent incidentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Residential Schools On Disadvantaged Backgrounds855 Words   |  4 Pagesthis sad reality. When the Canadian government set up residential schools in the 1870’s, they took away a major component of the Aboriginal people’s culture: family. The aims of these schools were to assimilate Aboriginal children and prepare them for living in a white society. Instead, they caused tremendous psychological abuse to not only the children being forced to leave their homes, but also to their guardians. After this traumatic event, many aboriginal people resorted to substance abuse in orderRead MoreEach Day The Children Are At Risk Of Becoming Victims Of1634 Words   |  7 PagesEach day the children are at risk of becoming victims of abuse and neglect by the hands of their guardians, caregivers, families and parents. The reality of child abuse and neglect is not a new phenomenon. Unfortunately, the rise of such injustice is becoming more prevalent. The magnitude of this problem is overwhelming to many professionals such as law enforcement, social workers, teachers and docto rs. Throughout society child perpetrators have a long list of traceable history of problems, disputesRead MoreWhat Makes A Person A Serial Killer? Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthat their problems will stop if they kill. There are specific types of killers: visionary killers, mission-oriented serial killers, hedonistic killers and power/control killers. Visionary serial killers are killers that are out of touch with reality and are known for hearing voices in their head, mission-oriented serial killers state that their life s mission is to kill certain group of people, hedonistic serial killers obtain thrills from the joy of the act and these are the majority of serial

Patton- Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project Free Essays

Week Three Individual Paper Patton- Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project CMGT 554/IT Infrastruct In week’s three individual dissection of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Networking Department, I will discuss three topics that will help with a better understanding of the Hospital’s Networking Department. During the first topic, a complete analysis will be completed on the network systems in use. While covering the second topic, discussion on what standards may be missing from the Hospital’s current network. We will write a custom essay sample on Patton- Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now During last topic, I will identify the Hospital’s wireless technology in currently in use and how it may enhance the hospitals network. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital currently uses a Local Area Network (LAN) standard within the hospital with certain Departments using a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standard. The Hospital’s top view IT network perspective has the Hospital divided into two sections, the Clinical Areas and the Administrative Function Areas. The entire Hospital‘s backbone (BN) network structure is a 1000 BaseT Ethernet cable. A 1000 BaseT Ethernet cable also known as IEEE 802. 3ab, is the standard for gigabit Ethernet using copper wiring (Wikipedia,  2010). However, in the second half of the Hospital’s network structure, the Clinical Areas, a 1000 BaseF Ethernet cable is the standard. A 1000 BaseF, also known as 1000Base-F, is a physical layer baseband specification for Ethernet communications over optical fibers (Wikipedia,  2010). The Departments that make up the Administrative Departments of the Hospital are The Hospital’s Executive Management, Human Resources, Operations, Facilities, Finance (Apollo, 2008). Each of the afore-mentioned Departments is connected via a 1000 Base T CAT 6 cable. Each of these departments has dedicated computers that are assigned per the individual’s title in the organization. For example, the Executive Mgmt. have Apple iMacs, 24†, 2. 4GHz, 2GB Ram, 500 MB HD, Wireless, 10/100/1000 Base T, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard amp; Windows XP work stations. The HR, OPNS, Finance Senior Manager Workstations are Apple iMac, 20†, 2 GHz, 350 MB HD, Wireless, 10/100/1000 Base T, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard / Windows XP OS. Personal within the Administrative Areas that are only responsible for data entry are given Thin Client Computer: HP model L1706. The Administrative Departments have two networked HP 4350 Black and White Laser Printers and one color HP 4200pht networked Laser Printer. The Administrative Department is then linked to the IT Data Center where in the IT Date Center; connections are established with servers and the internet. This circuit will be discussed later in this paper. The second half of the Hospitals network is the clinical Departments. The Clinical Departments that make up this circuit are: Radiology, Radiology Information Systems Data Center (RIS), Operating Room (OR), Intensive Clear Unit (ICU), and the Ward Floor Systems (Apollo, 2008). The Clinical Areas of the Hospital network standards is a 1000 Base F single mode fiber, Fiber Optic cable. Just as the Administrative Departments, in the Radiology Department, each Department has their own workstations. In the Radiology Department, there are seven different viewing stations, MRI, CT, X-Ray, Mammograms, PET, Nuclear Medicine, and Sonography. Each one of these station consist of a Apple Mac Pro, 2-3 GHz quad processors, 16GB RAM, 4 + 750 MD HD in RAID, Nividia FX 4500 Image Card, 2 Apple 30† Cinema Flat panel Displays, OsiriX Imaging Software, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and windows XP Pro OS, and a APC 2 KVA back up power supply. Each Modality viewing station has its own DICOM (Digital to Film Printer), KODAK 6800 Dry Laser Printer. In addition to the Modality View Stations, the Emergency Room has one workstation with a portable X-Ray Machine. The Radiology Department also has Laboratories and a Pharmacy that are equipped with similar work stations; Apple iMac, 20† displays, 2. 4 GHz, 2 GB Ram, 500 MB HD, Fiber Card OS Virtualization w/ Mac OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro OS. The Only differences between the two departments are the printers that they are equipped with. The Laboratories have one HP 4700pht color laser printer and the Pharmacy has two HP Bamp;W 4350 Laser Printers. Given the magnitude of data that travels through the Radiology Department, e. g. X-Rays, CT Scans, etc†¦ the Department needs to equip its own Data Center. The RIS Data Center, short for Radiology Information Systems Data Center is the main host for the servers being used in the clinical areas of the Hospital. The RIS is equipped with an Apple Cluster Server running Mac OS Leopard Xserve w/ remote desktop. The Apple cluster has a 10 terabyte Disk Storage center. The standard being used in the RIS Data Center is the same as the rest of the Clinical areas, a 1000 Base F single mode fiber with each workstation equipped with a fiber card to use this standard. The RIS has Data Center workstations and two printers are attached via LAN. The OR, ICU, Ward Floor Room location, and the Nurses’ Station are also equipped with workstations that are connected via the same 1000 Base F standard. The only additional standard that the ICU and the Wards areas have is one Wireless Access Point (WAP) within each ICU and Ward. The Hospital main IT Data Center is where the 1000 Base F standard is connected to the rest of the Hospital network by a Network Gateway. The gateway is then connected to the Hospital’s BN 1000 base T CAT 6 standard. The IT Data Center is equipped with an IBM Series Z9EC Mainframe with a Linux OS, DB2 Database, 16 Processors, 32 GB Ram, and a AES Security System, â€Å"AES stands for Advance Encryption Standard,† BitZipper, 2010. The IT Data Center also has a Windows Exchange Server and an Internet Server that is connected to a Cisco Router Model 7609. The Hospital also has a Remote Access Server that uses a Cisco ASA 5510 VPN Router. Based on this week’s and prior week’s reading, The Hospital’s network architecture is missing what network topology is in use. From the IT network diagrams supplied by the organization, the Hospital seem to be a Bus network Topology, however; because there are no references to the topology, would only assume a Bus topology is in practice. According to Wikipedia, in local area networks where a bus topology is used, each machine is connected to a single cable, each computer or server is connected to a single bus cable through some kind of connector. In a Bus topology, a signal is travels from the source computer in both directions to all machines in the network until it finds the intended Mac address or IP address. The hospital is also missing rather the Hospital is connected to a, â€Å"Campus Network, Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), or a Wide Area Network (WAN),† Dennis and Fitzgerald, 2009. In addition, after reviewing the IT Diagrams, the Hospital fails to show architecture plans for a rooms in each floor of the hospital that contain the main distribution facility (MDF). The architecture plans for the MDF per floor or essential to direct and control the network traffic. However, even though the OR, ICU, and Ward Floor systems shows a 24 port FO hub per Ward or ICU, it doesn’t show how that is connected to the main server. The Hospital IT Team needs to architect plans that show each of the layers of the Hospital’s BN, e. g. Access Layer, Distribution Layer, and the Core Layer. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology is available throughout the entire Hospital. Each of the workstation in the Hospital has wireless capabilities. The only Wire Access Points (WAP) within the hospital is in the Ward Room and in the ICU Areas of the hospital. This technology is very useful for the hospital and it enhances the mobility of the Doctors and Nurses. The IT diagrams do not show the use of wireless tablets or netbooks but I would assume if the technology is present then those standards are in use. In addition, one does not know the age of the hospital’s architecture so by adding a WLAN standard, the Hospital is capable of adding additional workstation without the need of running extra LAN Ethernet cable that can be both costly and demanding of the IT Team. Both the IT Data Center and the RIS Data Center have Remote Access Servers (RAS); the IT Data Center is equipped with an IBM System x3250 RAS Server and the RIS Data Center’s Apple Cluster Server has a built in RAS. With both Data Center possessing WLAN RAS Servers, the Doctors and Nurses are capable in accessing both Data Center to have full access to the patient’s full records. This standard will ensure that the patient is treated accurately by the medical staff. In conclusion, the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital’s network analysis shows that the hospital uses a Local Area Network with the use of both 1000 Base T and 1000 Base F standards. However, although the provided IT diagrams showed the basic architecture layout of the network, it did not show what type of network topology it is and nor does it provided a detailed architecture plan of the BN Architecture layers. Furthermore, the Hospital’s Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) was discussed to provide evidence on the ability that the WLAN has to enhance the Hospital network. References Jerry Fitzgerald, A. D. (2009). Business Data Communication And Networking  (10th ed. ). : John Wiley amp; Sons Inc. Apollo Group. (2008). Network Diagrams. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Healthcare/PFCH/IT/ITNetDTop. htm Apollo Group. (2008). Network Diagrams. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Healthcare/PFCH/IT/ITLogNet. htm Apollo Group. (2008). Network Diagrams. Retrieved from How to cite Patton- Fuller Community Hospital Networking Project, Papers

Whats 3D animation Introduction of the 3D animat Essay Example For Students

Whats 3D animation? Introduction of the 3D animat Essay ion. Today , it is an undeniable fact that computer graphic design technologydevelop so fast . We can see computer graphic design technica has been usedeverywhere in our life. And 3D animation as the most important part ofcomputer graphic design technology. It has been widely applied in gamedesign and movie making. For our computer graphic design student, 3Danimation is the technology of using computer software like Maya ,4Dcinema ,to create the character and environment .For example, like thefollowing Image. It is totally made by using Maya, but its hard to recognize anddifference with the true photo. We can see the best 3D visual effects ofusing 3D animation software . The history of computer animation is onlytwenty-five years old . In that time artist and scientists have moved fromrudimentary flying logos to sophisticated , humanistic motion applied tocomputer generated characters . When we look back in amazement at thehistory of computer animation and still find it hard to believe that wecould have had such an impact on the entertainment industry . Nothing movesfaster than technology . Especially in 3D animation , great development hasbeen taken place since last twenty five years . For a computer graphicdesign student. Be a good 3D animator is very important for our futurecareer. So in the following paragraph will be focus on how to be a good 3Danimator for a computer graphic design student. Drawing skills is important for a good 3D animation designer. From my point of view, Drawing skills is quite important for a 3D animator. It seems like if people wanna be a good 3D animation designer, they must dolots of drawing practise first. Drawing is the foundation before go to the3D software. Do lots of sketch is the only way to built your conceptbefore go to computer. Like the following images. Which is done by a well-known 3D animation artist Michael Weidman. We can see he built conceptusing these kind of sketch. That is why in every design school first yearcourse, every student must take the drawing class. Especially for thosepeople who are gonna do 3D animation in the future, drawing has been anessential part of being a 3D animator. If we look the following image whichis done by using 3D software. Everyone will wonder how can the designerbuild his ideas. And we look the next image. We can get the answer. Thedesigner of this image did his sketch first, then go to computer. So thesketch one and the final one look same without the filling colour. Fromthis point, everyone will understand how this animator built h is conceptand how important is the drawing skills for a good 3D animator. Good computer technical skills also is very importantSecondly, computer technical skills also is very important for a 3Danimator. As the technology development, we got lots of computer softwarefor 3D animation, like Maya , 4D Cinema these two most famous software. For a 3D animation designer, people must get to know the each function ofsoftware, otherwise it will be hard to get a good 3D visual effect. Likethe following image, I got it from the movie The Matrix which is the mostwell-known movie made by using 3D animation. It is impossible for a personwithout any technical skills to finish this character with such amazing 3Dvisual effect. From graphic design experience like using Photoshop,Freehand. It is a such hard thing to built any visual effect without anytechnical skills. Like the following two image, we must use some of thefunction of the software to get control of the movement of these two 3Dcharacters. Without any technical skills, so can one get control of thesetwo character. So computer technical skills also is very important for a 3Danimation designer. .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .postImageUrl , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:hover , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:visited , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:active { border:0!important; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:active , .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6 .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32a8096673d21117fa6fcc14999f86b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Michael Jackson Essay A good 3D animation designer must have good imagination. Another important thing for a 3D animation designer is the goodimagination. Like the following image, which is made by using 3D animation. We cannt see this kind of face in our life. The face of this characterlooks just combine the human face and the animal face. If we suppose thedesigner dont have the good imagination, so how could he get this ideafrom? Because he couldnt the model for this character in our true life. Moreover, 3D animation is becoming very important

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Matrix

Psychodynamic theories and perspectives give human beings an understanding of what goes on in one’s mind. In a health care setting, psychodynamic perspective helps health practitioners to develop insights on what a patient’s mind believes, in addition to behavioral characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychodynamic Personality Theories Matrix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding an individual’s mind helps people to solve personal problems that may cause trauma and psychological torture. This involves assisting affected persons to accept hardships and events; the results are improvements in an individual’s welfare and relational behaviors, both private and interpersonal. Psychodynamic theories are limited by the fact that they rely on assumptions to analyze situations and behavior (Feist Feist, 2009). The assumptions include belief that every behavior has a cause and the aspect that unconsciousness affects emotions. Assumptions also include conviction that childhood has an impact on personal behaviors and future emotions and that identity, as well as ego, makes up one’s personality. The defense mechanisms in case of a problem include defiance, regression, desire, repression, and unstable reactions. Psychodynamic theories affect individuals’ character in a number of ways. For instance, one may link obsessive hand washing to childhood trauma that results to such behaviors in adulthood. Other behaviors in adults that are interlinked with childhood include fear, nervousness, hair plucking, sexual compulsions, and neurotic behaviors. This may be realized in an individual’s mannerism, way of thinking, and emotional relief. The traits exhibited include shyness, reliability, sociability, hostility, self-belief, and ambitions. The level of the impact on individuals affects personal feelings and self-motivation. This enables one t o solve self-conflicts and relieve oneself from guilt. An individual’s personality is based on the possibility of viewing events, creating desires, and working towards the achievement of set goals and objectives (Leichsenring Rabung, 2011). This involves unconscious motives, and terrible conflicts between desire and personal obligations. The persona formed involves arts, jokes, clear accidents, unstable word use and dreams, all which are subjective. In that case, the ability to balance all these systems and the objects of interests determine how successful one becomes. Personal identity and ego reacts to pleasure and personal conscience towards life’s activities and reality principles. The effects of psychodynamic theories on interpersonal relationships are felt greatly in how conflicts are resolved, in addition to the ability to maintain relations. The humanist approach looks at childhood and views neglect and physical deformities as some of the causes of emotional d isorders. In such cases, persons are determined to achieve their own goals and thus have no business with others. Personality theories influence interpersonal relations in a manner that most people are not able to control.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interpersonal relations are highly determined by social as well as environmental issues and conflicts that require varying levels of human knowledge to solve. In situations that a number of people are involved, the key factors in shaping character are compensation, defeat, personal beliefs, and understanding (Feist Feist, 2009). The need for love and affection takes a great cause in shaping an individual; lack of these emotional needs brings about hostility and anxiety among the affected. For people to work together, they must share goals and ideologies, or if not, have strong interpersonal feelings and desires to associate with oth ers. Most interpersonal characters are developed while people engage in communal responsibilities and activities such as marriage ceremonies and social rituals that bring people together. Individuals’ personalities influence what an individual can do for self and society. References Feist, J., Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Leichsenring, F., Rabung, S. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 15-22. This essay on Psychodynamic Personality Theories Matrix was written and submitted by user Benjamin Bowers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anthropologie Culturelle Essays - Jewish Culture, Hebrew Calendar

Anthropologie Culturelle Essays - Jewish Culture, Hebrew Calendar Anthropologie Culturelle Les Amish : une communaut? hors du temps I) LES ORIGINES DES AMISH On trouve les racines des Amish dans la communaut? des Mennonites. Les deux appartiennent au mouvement des Anabaptistes qui remonte ? lpoque de la R?forme. Les Anabaptistes croyaient que seuls les adultes devaient ?tre baptis?s car ils avaient conscience de leur acte et qu?ils devaient rester en marge de la soci?t?. Beaucoup d?Anabaptistes furent extermin?s, consid?r?s comme h?r?tiques par les Catholiques comme les Protestants et beaucoup all?rent se r?fugier dans les montagnes suisses et au sud de l?Allemagne. C?est dans ce contexte qu?appara?t le mouvement Amish : les pers?cutions continu?rent jusqu?au XVIII? si?cle et entre 1693 et 1697 une partie de lglise Mennonite suisse (les Fr?res Suisses) se s?para du reste de la Communaut? pour former le mouvement Amish. Cette communaut? souhaitait pr?server la discipline biblique au sein de la communaut?. A partir de 1663, une partie ?migra aux Etats-Unis pour ?chapper au militarisme europ?en et pr?server la foi des anc?tres! dans un pays neuf aux perspectives ?conomiques attrayantes : ils stablirent au nord des Etats-Unis, en Pennsylvanie, et se lanc?rent dans l?agriculture avec succ?s. 1. Quelle est la valeur symbolique du schisme Amish ? En 1693 un ?v?que suisse du nom de Jacob Amman se s?pare des Fr?res Suisses Mennonites : ses successeurs ont ?t? baptis?s les Amish. Bien que les deux communaut?s se soient s?par?es, elles partagent de nombreux points communs : elles ont les m?mes croyances en ce qui concerne le bapt?me, la non violence et les doctrines bibliques fondamentales. Cependant elles diff?rent en mati?re de v?tements, de technologie, de langue, de fa?on de travailler et d?interpr?tation de la Bible. D?apr?s l?historien Eli Gingerich, dans ses ?crits de 1978, il y a sept domaines au centre de la controverse entre les Mennonites Suisses et les Amish qui ont pouss? au schisme entre 1693 et 1697 : ? la communion deux fois par an ? l?habitude de laver les pieds d?autrui comme rite religieux ? le fait d?isoler et dviter un membre de la communaut? excommuni? ou puni ? s?en tenir ? une discipline communautaire tr?s stricte ? die Treuherzigen : le probl?me de savoir si oui ou non les ? justes ? ?taient prot?g?s ? les codes vestimentaires ? les codes concernant la coiffure Gingerich explique plus loin que ? ni l?un ni l?autre des deux parties ne voulait c?der. Chacune ?tait d?termin?e. Aucune ne voulait admettre la possibilit? de se tromper ou dchouer. Il s?est av?r? qu?il ?tait impossible de communiquer pour mieux comprendre l?autre partie. Les deux Eglises ne se sont jamais retrouv?es. ? En fait ces sept domaines ou points de dispute ne suffisent pas d?apr?s d?autres auteurs ? expliquer le schisme : il y avait d?j? au sein de l?Eglise Mennonite Suisse une litt?rature ? proto-Amish ? identifi?e comme telle par Nikolaus W?thrich en 1807 et par Christian Plank qui faisait partie du cercle d?intimes de Jacob Ammann mais avait quitt? le groupe Amish. En fait ces auteurs d?montrent qu?il faut remonter ? Simon Menno, le fondateur du mouvement Mennonite pour expliquer la controverse sur deux points fondamentaux pr?c?demment cit?s : l?isolement d?un excommuni? ou d?un puni et les Treuherzigen. ? L?isolement physique : d?apr?s W?thrich , il est impossible de consid?rer l?isolement physique que pratiquent les Amish et que contestaient les Mennonites comme ?tant fond? du point de vue biblique par l?ap?tre Paul. Tout remonte donc ? Menno lui-m?me. Gingerich explique ainsi que cet isolement physique date en fait de 1555 : Leenaert Bouwens a ?tabli cet isolement pour punir les personnes nocives au reste de la communaut?. Cet isolement se fait entre toutes les cat?gories de personnes : les enfants sont s?par?s de leurs parents, les ?pouses de leur mari ... Cependant cette mesure fut contest?e par une femme qui refusait dtre s?par?e de son mari : en cons?quence, Menno lui-m?me lutta contre cette s?v?rit?. En 1693 lorsque Jakob Ammann essaya de r?introduire l?isolement physique dans la communaut? suisse Mennonite, il re?ut l?appui des plus traditionalistes et conservateurs qui favoris?rent le schisme. ? Les Treuherzigen : c?est le deuxi?me point important de la controverse Mennonites/Amish. Litt?ralement les Treuherzigen sont ceux dont le coeur est fiable, fid?le ou loyal. Ils sont parfois appel?s les Anabaptistes partiels. En fait ce sont ceux qui

Benefits of Monopoly for the Stakeholders Essay

Benefits of Monopoly for the Stakeholders - Essay Example Monopoly is a market structure where a firm controls the industry in regards to output and prices and there are no close substitutes to the products. Monopolistic competition is a market structure where there are many buyers and sellers who trade in a range of prices. This is because the sellers can differentiate their offers to different customers (Orbanes, 2007). Monopoly is not the best market structure to be considered in the current world of business.A monopoly has different benefits to the stakeholders such as the government, consumers, producers and businesses as a whole. Monopoly benefits to the producers and businesses are that it increases normal profits to abnormal profits. A monopoly produces at a lower output and sells at high prices. This reduces the marginal cost of the producer which increases the profits to supernormal profits. The businesses also benefit from a monopoly in that they produce at large scale which leads to economies of scale. The economies of scale wil l lead to a reduction in average cost, which will lead to, increase in profits. The economies of scale have potential gain in welfare to the producer. The large scale production will reduce the firm’s costs, which will result, to benefits in the long run. The shareholders also benefit from monopoly through receiving dividends, which result from, supernormal profits. The firm benefit in terms of control meaning the firm controls the entire market which means it is the sole decision maker in the industry. The firm benefit for being the dominant one in the industry in that it decides on the prices of the products. The firms in the industry are price takers (Robinson, 1943).

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Reflective Report - Essay Example Furthermore, members have different experiences and each has a preferable way to research for the required information. Therefore, we all decided to choose an area in which one would prefer to focus on at the beginning. This was also informed by the limited amount of time available. Even thought the group met every week, more work was done during our private times. On the other hand, the group meetings were useful as we all used this time to share the researched information and track what areas needed to be looked into with more detail. Also, with today’s technological advancement, we were all able to contact each other through mobile phones or email so as to share the findings thus far and seek for assistance from one another. The business plan consists of three parts. One of them is the market environment, which includes external and internal analysis as well as the strategic fit of the corporation. The main advantage of researching the current external and internal situations is the ability to identify the threats and opportunities for marketing purposes (Baines & Fill 2011) (see Figure 1). In our case, the environmental scanning was essential to understand why the company chose the specific strategies it did. For example, the company decided to create the focused shapes UK music (MixtapeMadness 2014). In addition, according to Mintel (2014), technological evolution changed consumer purchasing behaviour with a majority purchasing music products online nowadays. Therefore, in order to match consumer needs, the online platform was created for music downloads. Moreover, the â€Å"PEST† analysis was highly useful to track the environment that the company operates in (Mullins 2013). For example, economical factors such as low income among young consumers have influenced the company to create a free downloading website. The business plan also contained the marketing plan, which

Geology of your hometown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geology of your hometown - Essay Example The city has four counties that are under its jurisdiction; these are Feeding, Feixi, Changfeng, and Lijiang. It also has one Sub County and four urban districts, Yaohai, Loyang, Shushan, and Baohe. Its development zones include Hefei economic and technological development area, Hefei pilot zone, and Hefei Chaohu economic development zone (Li).   Each region around Anhui province in China is unique. Hefei covers an expanse of an area of 11400 square kilometers with 37mertres above the sea level and an urban population of 7.52million people, with mandarin as a primary language spoken. It has longstanding historical traditions though it is greatly influenced by immigrant population. There is one developed Lake Known as Swan. It is next to a new build government building, and it is a beautiful place to have a picnic. The geological terrain offer an artificial beach which attracts many people especially during the summer. It has the largest number of consumer group and greatest potential for development. It is a city Center for politics, economy and culture, education, information, finance, commerce, and communication in Anhui province, China. It has the fastest growing economy because Chinese national government has given its local government funding for expansion and growth (Morris). Hefei is one of the most suitable places to live in due to its excellent public security and clean environment. In 2004, it was awarded the "China Excellent Living Environment Prize." In 2014, it was also awarded as an excellent green ecological city. The lake has wonderful scenery and many aquatic products (wu). Geology of Chaohu Lake has hot springs in it, which are rich in active mineral elements, and rare and beautiful flowers that grow in it. Hefei functions connect to national means of transportation in China with well-developed expressway network leading to all directions. Its airport owns over 30 domestic air routes and direct flights to Hong Kong, Fukuoka,

Female Leaders And Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Female Leaders And Transformational Leadership Management Essay As the number of females in management level increase in recent years, their leadership style and the subordinates behavior are worth investigated. Among all leadership styles, most female leaders choose transformational leadership. As stated by Powell (2004), when female leaders use transformational leadership style, they will be evaluated more favorably than male leaders. The reason behind is that transformational leadership is more associated with the feminine than masculine gender stereotype. The women transformational leaders also develop different behavior in trust and lead to different team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Transformational leadership The concept of transformational leadership was first introduced by Burns (1978)Â  [ii]Â  stating that transformational leadership is a process which leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation. Bass (1985)Â  [iii]Â  further developed Burnss concept that transformational leadership entailed establishing oneself as a role model by gaining followers trust and confidence. Transformational leaders state future goals, develop plans to achieve those goals, and innovate, even when their organization is generally successful. Transformational leaders are idealized that they are a moral example of working towards the benefit of the team, organization and community. Bass (1985) theorized that transformational leadership comprises four dimensions: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. Individualized consideration is the leaders role towards the followers and concerns their needs. The leader gives support and empathy to followers so as to motivate them to accomplish the tasks. Intellectual stimulation is about the leaders attitude towards creativity and risks. Transformational leaders are willing to take risks and encourage followers to think independently and creatively. They think that the unexpected situations are the opportunity to learn. Inspiration motivation concerns the extents of leaders motivate the followers by giving them a clear vision to follow. When the followers understand the vision, they are willing to pay more effort in completing tasks and consequently bring benefits to the team and company. Idealized influence is that leaders provide a role exemplar to followe rs demonstrating their ability and ethics to gain respect and trust of them. The four dimensions of transformational leadership are widely used in measuring transformational leadership. This leadership style concerns to influence followers to work better and eventually lead to intrinsic motivation towards the tasks. As this kind of leadership is always perceived as effective, it is becoming popular in the business industry as well as government. Female Leaders and transformational leadership It was obvious that women were not favor in filling high-level leadership position. Gary Yukl (2010)Â  [iv]Â  suggested that this phenomenon was due to the gender-based discrimination about men were more qualified than women for leadership roles and involves three main assumptions. These assumptions were about traits and skills required for effective leadership in organizations, about instinctive differences between men and women, and about the appropriate behavior for men and women. These hindered women from holding important and high-level leadership position in early years. However, the portion of women in executive level is increasing in recent years. Cookburn (1991)Â  [v]Â  suggested that stereotypes of women include kindness, compassion, nurturing and sharing lead to a higher concern for women regarding interpersonal relationship and consensus building. These unique characteristics bring women to high-level positions in company. And also due to these special attributes, women are more likely to choose transformational leadership style. Women are always strong at showing the individualized consideration to followers. As they concern the interrelationship between people, they will undoubtedly show their support and empathy to the subordinates for the benefit of themselves and the whole team. The evidence is given by Eagly Johannessen-Schmidt (2002)Â  [vi]Â  that women were rated higher than men in most aspects of transformational leadership. As a result, women using transformational leadership style are perceived easier to bring to the success of teams. Trust Trust between leader and subordinate is a key element of a team success. Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt, Camerer (1998)Â  [vii]Â  defined trust as a psychological state comprising the intention to accept the vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another. Trust is important in some perspectives like reduction of harmful conflict and promotion of effective responses to crisis (Rousseau et al. 1998). For a company, it is crucial for employees trust in the leader in explaining the visions and motivates employees to support the organization (Howarth, Rafferty, 2009)Â  [viii]Â  . Moreover, some studies (Sandy, Uma 1994; Perry, Mankin, 2004)Â  [ix]Â  xindicated that the gender of leaders and subordinates is an important factor in perceived behavior. Therefore, understanding the trusting behavior of subordinates to a women leader can help on the better development of team and company. Trust and gender The difference between women and men in interdependence is that women are more relationally interdependent while men are more collectively interdependent (Gabriel Gardner, 1999)Â  [xi]Â  . The article states that women place more emphasis on relationships and interpersonal connections, while men are more likely to emphasize more depersonalized group memberships and the importance of group identity. This can attribute to the nature and way of bringing up of women. Women are always by nature more sociable. They are more removed and protected than are men from many of the unpleasant aspects of human nature (Wrightsman, 1974)Â  [xii]Â  . They are brought up with more concern about care and built up good relationship with others. This socialization process trains women to assume the best or to think well of people. So, as a result, women consider the relationship with people more than men do. In some studies (Schwieren and Sutter, 2004Â  [xiii]Â  ; Slonim, 2004Â  [xiv]Â  ), the difference of trusting behavior between men and women is not significant. In a trust game by Eckel and Wilson (2004)Â  [xv]Â  , the result indicated that women trust less than men. But this is limited for the decisions made during the game. In normal condition, the gender has no effects on trust. Nevertheless, it can be deduced that women will trust the individuals with good relationship. They think that the one they rely on will act for the best of them. However, Maddux and Brewer (2005)Â  [xvi]Â  stated that although women may have actually trusted the relationship target more than men, they are less likely to make risky decision. That is, from the decision point of view, women will not take the risk and rather choose a safe option. This is not related to the matter of trust. Trust and transformational leadership The basic theory of transformational leadership posits trust as a central feature of the relationship that leaders have with their followers, and assume that it is through the followers trust in their leader (Bennis Nanus, 1985)Â  [xvii]Â  . This behavior of trust motivates the followers to perform better and beyond the expectations. In recent meta-analysis on trust and leadership, Dirks Ferrin (2002)Â  [xviii]Â  reported that the transformational leadership is a strongly predictive of trust. The evidences are given by other researchers (Bennis et al. 1985; Butler, Cantrell, Flick, 1999Â  [xix]Â  ; Conger, Kanungo, Menon, 2000Â  [xx]Â  ). Back to the four dimensions of transformational leadership, the researchers (Bennis et al. 1985; Butler et al. 1999; Conger et al. 2000) found that they all enhance trust between leaders and subordinates. Individualized consideration concerns about communication between leader and subordinates, understanding of needs and capabilities and developing subordinates strengths, which can demonstrate the care of leader about them. As a consequence, trust will build between both parties. Intellectual stimulation reinforces the leaders commitment to the development of the subordinates as well as the team, hence trust is built. Leader motivates and focuses subordinates efforts on tasks and goal, which is considered as inspirational motivation, can increase the trust level of both sides. Finally, idealized influence of leader shows the integrity and competence. Subordinates rely on the behaviors of leader and determine whether their leader is trustworthy. So, in general, transformational leader s are always perceived as trustworthy and easy to gain trust from subordinates. Impact of trust and women transformational leaders on team effectiveness Trust in the leader is associated with the effort employees put into work (Dirks, Ferrin. 2002)Â  [xxi]Â  . The more effort employees put into work can be regarded as higher effectiveness of the leader. Gomez Rosen (2001)Â  [xxii]Â  reported that team members trust in their leader would be positively associated with the perceptions of leaders effectiveness. Therefore, the higher degree of trust on the leader, the better effectiveness them team will be. Women as leaders are always perceived as less effective than men (Eagly, Karau, Makhijani, 1995)Â  [xxiii]Â  . Eagly et al. (1995) found that male managers were more effective than women managers in positions that required strong task skills, while women managers were more effective in positions that required strong interpersonal skills. This finding is consistent with the previous statement of Wrightman (1974) that women are strong at and concern relationship with people. It can be predicted that for a position that required strong interpersonal skills and a female transformational leader has good relationship with subordinates, the trusting behavior will enhance the team effectiveness.

Pearl Harbor Essay -- essays research papers

December 7, 1941 was a day that will â€Å"live in infamy†, a day when 2,400 men needlessly lost their lives while serving America. Millions of dollars of American military equipment was destroyed. It was a day of horror, disbelief, discontent, and shame. The people of the United States never imagined anything like this could happen to them. They were a neutral country, only providing supplies for the Allies. This activity made the Axis powers mad. At the time of the start of World War II the United States was a leading world country, not only did it have one of, if not the most, feared militaries on earth, its technology was also rapidly growing. Japan reacted by planning and seeing through a massive attack on America in an effort to disable the American military and try to permanently keep them out of the war. Pearl Harbor is a day that will never be forgotten. Japan started the planning of this attack a year earlier in 1940. The Japanese used pictures taken by spies to locate exactly where all of the ships were located and when the base was at its rest. Japan was having many problems with its economy at the start of the Second World War. On the other hand, the United States was the leading economic country in the world. This made the Japanese jealous and frustrated. The Japanese believed that they were being pushed into a corner by Roosevelt and felt that they must act to protect the Empire. They believed if they took out Pearl Harbor the United States would not be able to co...

Philippines and Mayor Vice Mayor

Antonio Pigafetta Magellan's Italian expeditionary ethnographer, went ashore in 1521 to parley with the ruler of Limasawa, they sat together in a boat drawn up on shore which Pigafetta called a balangai Barangay/ Balangai Word for boat also being used for the smallest unit of Tagalog society Barrio Colonial term, a political unit loyal toa local boss Heroic Leadership This perks up their readiness to serve the people's needs, whether prioritize as egular or urgent. Ferdinand Magellan A Portuguese born leader of five Spanish ships, stumbled onto islands in 1521 in his search for the lucrative spices of the Indies Enrique Slave of Magellan who returned to Spain to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe Reduccion Barangays were coaxed or coerced into towns (cabeceras) organized around a newly built church with a resident friar Visitas Small outlaying settlements equipped with a chapel to receive a visiting friar Reduccion Cabeceras District capitals Poblaciones Towns Barrios/B arangays Villages SitiosHamlets Bajo de la campana Under the church bells To bring all indios into Christian communities balo de la campana and to accurately count the population in order to collect the tribute, the combined goals of church and state carried under friar supervision. Muros wall Intramuros (Inside the wall) Were hordes of Spaniards, leading indios, and important institutions of church and Lived non-Christians, dispossessed datus at odds with the new order, and Chinese as well as foreign communities. Encomiendas Granted by King Philip II Wich is the administrative right to collect tribute and draft abor from among the inhabitants of a defined geographical area, along with the responsibility to protect them and provide religious instruction. Polo y servicios Mobilized by the cabeza de barangay.The compulsory 40-day labor per year rendered by tribute payers to the state Servicio Was performed by men and women and consisted largely of domestic service in churches and conv ents Polo Was hard labor performed by men: constructing government buildings and churches

How Does Co2 Emissions Affect the Ecosystem?

How does CO2 Emissions Affect the Ecosystem? Kenyetta Sloan Bryant & Stratton College Ecology Dr. M. McLellan-Zabielski October 24, 2012 What would happen if we didn’t cut trees, use transportation, even turn on our lights or any electrical item we own? Then global warming wouldn’t exist. The things that we do on the daily basis is what produces carbon emissions, when we burn oil, coal, and gas, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The result of this is climate change, temperature, and moisture, which affects our ecosystem, consisting of plant life and human life.One type of ecosystem is plant life, temperature and moisture influence birth, growth and death rates of plants (Effects on Ecosystems chapter 10). These factors also influence photosynthesis and respiration, which responds differently to temperature, in low temperatures, photosynthesis, is slow, at higher temperatures it accelerates. It is argued that global warming may result in a reduction in net carbon uptake by plants (Woodwell, 1987). Though plants have the ability to adjust to climate change, plants stay in the limited range where they are able to breathe and reproduce.If plants don’t receive enough moisture, it reduces plant growth, if too much moisture then it can cause cellular damage and a rapid increase in respiration (Hanson and Hitz, 1982). Plants absorb carbon, but when it’s burned or when they decay; carbon is released back into our atmosphere, the result being greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is a process that carbon goes through or better yet a cycle it goes through, it is cycled from land, to ocean, to air.The ocean contains 50 times more carbon then our atmosphere because it serves as a repository system. Earths current levels of carbon in the atmosphere is something that we should be worried about, the Earth was warmer and sea levels were higher in the past, we’re below the normal averages of where Earth’s levels are suppos ed to be. The blame to this change is us as humans; we are forcing the atmosphere to change, we responsible for the increase of carbon dioxide emissions.Fossil fuels when combusted, contain carbon which bond with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide that enter our atmosphere. The leading fossil fuel is coal, which is used most to form electricity, releases more carbon into the atmosphere than any other fossil fuel we use, even gas doesn’t release as much carbon as coal does. About 40% of fossil fuel combustion is used up by electricity, to power up our homes, businesses and industries, using coal as the primary source of energy (Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010). Transportation is the second largest source of CO2 emissions, about 31% of fossil fuel combustion is used to transport ourselves and goods. Vehicles, air travel, marine transportation and trains are the sources that we use to transport from place to place, using gasoline or diesel. Carbon Di oxide emissions are projected to grow 1. 5% from now to 2020, there are ways to reduce the emissions, and it’s by cutting our use of fossil fuels.The vehicles we drive can be more fuel-efficient, meaning going green and cutting the gas use, changing our appliances and our electrical usage. References NRC (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA. U. S. Department of State (2007). Fourth Climate Action Report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions. U. S. Department of State, Washington, DC, USA (2010). What Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?Understanding the Carbon Cycle & How Current CO2 Emissions are Disrupting It. www. coolerclimate. com Global Biofuels Industry. (2010). M2PressWIRE. www. Thecarbonaccount. com (August 2009). Nature’s role in climate change. European Commission. Effects on Ecosystem. Kaplanovic, S. , & Mijailovtc, R. (2012). THE INTE RNALISATION OF EXTERNAL COSTS OF CO2 AND POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER CARS. Technological & Economic Development Of Economy, 18(3), 470-486. doi:10. 3846/20294913. 2012. 702694 .

Eating Dsiorders essays

Eating Dsiorders essays Located forty minutes west of Cincinnati is Miami University. Only 16,000 students reside at Miami University, yet we boasts two professional basketball players (Wally Szerbiac and Ron Harper), a top twenty hokey team, two consecutive synchronized ice-skating national championships, and who can forget the second most beautiful girls in the nation (according to playboy magazine). However, what we should be rated for is our percentage of students with eating disorders. Every afternoon one may bear witness to dozens of girls, already abnormally thin, running all over campus. If you visit Miamis recreational center, the amount of girls multiplies. While visiting the recreational center one will see countless girls running on the indoor track while on the endless waiting list to use a treadmill. Once finished these women do grab a bite to eat, a piece of fruit, a fat free yogurt, and, if they feel like pigging out, a salad. And even when students return to their dorm they still cant avoid the disorders. While walking through a female corridor one will find room after room with Billy Blanks on the television and Buns or Abs of Steel at work. Unfortunately it doesnt end with this. In the worst cases you may hear awful noises of girls vomiting coming from the restroom. Is this the picture of college life depicted in movies or recommended to us by our high school counselors? It should, because this is Miami University. Although few admit it, this campus has one of the most distorted views of body image of any college. I interviewed fifty females from my dorm concerning their feelings toward their bodies. 80% revealed that they thought they were fat. When in actuality, only ten percent qualify as clinically overweight. 72% informed me that they exercised 4 or more times a week. When asked why, most responded, to control my weight. 54% take it a step further and limit their food intake in addition to exercising. ...

Fault Reporting System (FRS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fault Reporting System (FRS) - Essay Example Part 1 Analysis of Requirements A- Business objectives for the FRS The development of fault reporting system is aimed at achieving the following business objectives: Reduce the number of complaints regarding IT faults Increase credibility of business services On-time problem management Higher market share through better services Targeting wide customer market Increasing annual turnover Enhancing business productivity through better services Increasing the hardware product’s quality services B Produces a list of the functions required from the FRS Through the implementation of Fault Reporting System (FRS) we are intended to improve the overall business operational performance. ... Allocation Staff for complaint management (BO6, BO7) Issues Recording Screen R8. Recording all issues found (BO8) R9. Entering main issues found on system (BO9, BO10) Action Taken Screen R10. Recording necessary actions taken to mitigate the problem (BO11) Link each function to at least one Business Objective This section describes different functions those will be provided by the new system. In this way the business will be capable to get more effective facilities for conducting corporate operations and improving working environment: Client Satisfaction Clients’ satisfaction is one of the prime factors of the business. In this connection I have listed below main functionalities of the new web based Fault Reporting System: Recording all the complaints Saving clients detailed information along with complaints Quick fixes Fast actions Reducing faults fixing within "two working days† Offering more reliability of different types of computer equipment Enhancing overall corpor ate internal working structure Fast Response Quick response to clients’ complaints is essential for the business operational performance. In this scenario I have presented below the functionalities of the new Fault Reporting System: Offering exact date for solutions In case of small problem offering frequent solution Proper submission of complaints to the relevant department Web based or On-line assistance On-time Complaint Management On-time management of the clients’ complaints is a major preference of every business. In this scenario for the quick on-time complaints management we need to produce some internal and external departmental changes. Therefore I have outlined below some of the main functionalities for the new Fault Reporting System: Rapid action or response against

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company Law - Essay Example The tax system also favours debt financing. The share capital and its cost is difficult to determine as there is no schedule that determines the amount that is paid to the shareholders. Furthermore, the tax system does not favour share capital. If a share capital is raised, the person who acquires such shares and becomes member of the company and in accordance with his class is granted certain rights. Thus it can be safely said that there would be a degree of influence which he can exercise over the running of the company. This is so even if the person is a minority shareholder. As far as a lender is concerned, he is generally not entitled to interfere in the running of the company and so as long as the company is complying with the terms of the debenture no action can be taken by the lender so as to influence the policy of the company. In respect of a dividend for the shares, it needs to be paid only if there is a profit and that too is discretionary that is the directors decide upo n whether it should be paid or not. Contrary to shares, the interest on debt finance must be paid in accordance with what had been agreement upon and is in no way dependent upon the profits of the company. Thus even if there are no profits, the capital has to be used so as to pay the interest failure of which would entitle the lender to appoint an administrator or receiver, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement. As far as dividend is concerned, it is not a deductible expense because of the fact that is a distribution of profit and a corporation tax has been deducted from it. However, in respect of the interest for the land and because of the fact that such has been taken as a trading expense and is taken into consideration for computing trading profit, tax is deductible. In respect of share capital a company normally does not have to repay its members the capital which was invested in the company, when company is wound up. Thus the directors do not have to con sider this point. However, for loan capital, there is a date in future on which the loan has to be repaid, which can also be on demand, thus the directors have to consider this and ensure the availability of funds whenever the loan falls due. Thus debt financing may increase earnings per share but there might be a reduction in share price. Thus if investors find that too much has been borrowed then they might sell shares resulting in the company to have greater liabilities than its assets. Thus the directors have to take this into account and to maintain the gearing ratios and to raise share capital and debt finance accordingly. Thus the directors of Green Books Plc would benefit from the advantages listed above and suffer from the disadvantages as well. (ii) In respect of charges, most of them need to be registered with the Companies Registry (CA 2006, s 860) and would be void against liquidator, administrator or creditor who has an interest in the secured assets if not registered (s.874). However, it is important to mention that the contract that is existent between the lender and the company would still be held valid. As for fixed charges over land they must be registered in HM Land Registry. As far as securities are concerned the most attractive ones are buildings etc. A number of fixed charges can be created

The concept of a contract Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The concept of a contract - Case Study Example However, it was later viewed that lack of proper operational performance and improper management of DB, resulted in the failure of the overall project (USA Gov, 2013). Critically observing, it can be identified that DB had intentionally overlooked its implied obligation to maintain transparency and systematic order in its service delivery process. Tactfully, DB withdrew from performing any written contractual promises, which was overlooked by the other two parties involved in the contract. Certainly the absence of firm verbal intimation regarding the offer and acceptance of the contract along with specific proclamations of clauses to be adhered by the parties involved had been a major setback for the sufferer, i.e. SCT (USA Gov, 2013). However, given the legal guidelines of having a viable contract SCT can take legal directions even with the non-availability of any written proof to the contract. Considering, the fact that DB had delivered the services demanded through the contract by SCT, it can be affirmed that a contractual relationship existed between DB and SCT. 2. Ethics in legal decision making plays a vital role, as it helps in taking legal decisions, which are accepted within the societal context. Legal terms between the two parties owing to contractual agreement inculcate ethical considerations for effective completion of the contract. In a contractual agreement, ‘Breach of Confidence’ plays a vital role in assuring both the parties to undertake ethical measures within this particular contractual relationship. Critically, observing, it can be ascertained from the case study that two of the contractors of DB have violated the legal implications of ‘Breach of Confidence’. Considering the case scenario, it can be observed that two external contractors of DB have leaked some vital information relating to a contract of their company with a Taiwanese’s firm. The case further states that the two external contractors conveyed t he client i.e. SCT about the DB’s failure in meeting the requirements of the Taiwanese’s firm, which leads to a greater monetary loss of the parent company. However, owing to the aforesaid scenario, it can be comprehended that ethical and legal implications can be implemented complying with the disloyalty of the two external contractors. In this regard DB can firstly terminate the contract with both the contractor under the ‘Breach of Privacy Law’. Concerning with the abovementioned act, it implies about the authority of an organization to create its own privacy rule while making sure that minimum standards are applicable to protect the private information of the company (Andrews, 2011). Secondly the company can take legal action that would restrict the two contractors from conducting such illegal activity. Additionally, the company could also ask the legal advisor to undergo a detailed investigation about the whole scenario and make decisions accordingly. However, the company can ask the legal body to charge monetary fines pertaining to the breach of confidentiality as a legal implication. Considering the aforesaid scenario it can be apprehended that ethical consideration the company could have provided them their salary which would have restricted them from taking such illegal steps (Australian Government, 2012). 3. Critically, examining the case scenario, it can be comprehended that DB has violated numerous rules and regulations associated with the contractual agree

Animal Cruelty Essay Example for Free

Animal Cruelty Essay Renà © Descartes, a famous philosopher, once argued that, â€Å"animals are not sentient- they are machines, like mechanical clocks, devoid of feelings and incapable of experiencing pleasure or pain† (Vaughn). Today, unlike Descartes, most people believe that animals are intrinsically or instrumentally valuable, also, whether they have or deserve any rights. Defining what cruelty is has been very subjective. To some people. An animal is just property and they can beat it around as much as they want, to others, animals are part of their family and they would never lay a finger on them. There is legislation against animal cruelty but because there is so much subjectivity, the legislation fails to deter people from abusing their animals. For there to be equal justice for animal cruelty people must agree on a completely objective definition of what is cruelty and what is not. see more:animal cruelty essay Legislation for animal cruelty varies state to stat. Ohio has laws for animal cruelty in general and a section for cruelty against companion animals. The law defines companion animals as â€Å"any animal that is kept inside a residential dwelling and any dog or cat regardless of where it is kept: (Ohio Cruelty). The law does not consider any livestock or wild animal as a companion animal. The legislation then goes into what it considers cruelty, torture, or neglect. The punishments outlined in the law include jail time, fines, and the removal of their animals. The one thing that is not counted for in this legislation is the emotional ties to the animal. Every person is emotionally attached to their animal in a different way. There is no real objective way to measure how much an animal means to a person. Just because a person is emotionally attached to their animal, that does not mean that they will not commit any act of cruelty against their animal. It is said that Michael Vick claimed to love his dogs even though he subjected them to fog fighting. It is possible that in him mind he truly believed he cared for his doffs. In less extreme cases, a person could love an animal but still strike it when it was bad, In their mind the dog was bad so it deserved to be beaten,. They just do not see that as being animal cruelty. Most people believe that it is wrong to be cruel to animals. Within  different societies, animals are treated differently. Depending on how and or where a person was raised, an animal could be a loved pet that is part of their family, or they could just treat it as property and a tool that is just there for their personal use. According to Ohio law if a person owns a dog then it is considered a companion animal, no matter if it is kept in their residential dwelling or not. IN one situation the owner keeps their dog in their house and it is a part of the family. They treat their dog like a baby, petting, playing, and cuddling with it. In another situation the owner keeps their fog outside and uses it as a watchdog. The only interaction with the dog is just checking to make sure it has food and water, and maybe a quick pat on the head, and gives it a â€Å"good dog† praise. It is quite easy to see that he first person loves their dog. It is not so easy to tell in the second si tuation. They may truly love their dog and that was how they were raised to treat it. They could also have emotional attachments to the dog, such as being proud, without really caring about the dog. Kind of like my dog is bigger than your dog pride. Within the law both situations are considered equal, even though they are unequal in the emotional attachment to their animals. Living in Ohio we are familiar with the Amish culture. They live a more simplistic life without modern technologies, usually farming. Amish are known for their horse-drawn buggies that they use to get around. They also use horses to help on the farm. To some of them, horses are merely a tool and once the horse gets too old and can no longer do what they need it to do, the kill it, To them that is just the way it is, they do not consider that being cruel, People outside the Amish lifestyle have tried to come in and rescue the horses so that they can continue to live, even though they cannot work anymore. Amish are also known for owning ‘Puppy Mills’. Puppy mills are breeding kennels in which dozens, or even hundreds, of dogs are allowed to live in small cages for their whole life, as long as they are given the basics, food, water, and shelter. (Puppy Mills) These mills are not illegal. Some of these Amish-owned [puppy mills treat their dogs very poorly. â€Å"The Amish say they raise dogs much as they would any other livestock, restricting the dogs  to small cages and killing the parents when they are no longer productive† (Hinds). To most people this sounds horrific because they consider them to be companions, not livestock. Animal cruelty is subjective, and that is why legislation is not working to stop it, there needs to be an objective measuring system to measure an animal’s current welfare. There is debate to what standards need to measure and of what weight to put on each of the standards. The one thing that is known is: â€Å"Defendable animal welfare standards require scientific knowledge about animal biology to determine their physiologic, health, environmental, an behavioral requirements. However it is important to note that ethical or value-based judgments provide the underpinning for the scientific questions posed† (Millman). By looking at an animal’s physical behavior, and other factors, and comparing them to the standards, the welfare of the animal can be determined. Millman was talking about measuring the welfare of livestock. The same theory can be applied to companion animals as well. If there are things that [people can look at to determine objectively that an animal is being related cruelly, then legislation will be able to be written that will apply to everyone and will work in every situation, no matter the emotional connection to the animal. Once there is an objective way to measure animal cruelty, the public need to be educated about it. IF more people know what exactly counts as animal cruelty, then they will be more likely to report it. Currently, shows like Animal Cops: Houston bring animal cruelty out of the shadows and show the public that animals are really being abused and that people do get punished for their actions. The Houston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is just one of the numerous societies in the U.S. that are fighting against animal cruelty. It is said that â€Å"The HSPCA receives over 10,000 reports of animal cruelty or neglect each year† (About Animal Cops: Houston: Animal Planet). People need to be aware of animal abuse to be able to report it. â€Å"Without phone calls from concerned citizens, officials wouldn’t know about most instances of animal abuse. IT all comes from the public† (Maloney). Once people report cases than the people can actually be punished for their actions. In Ohio, Whoever violates the current animal abuse law can be convicted of a misdemeanor of several degrees, and possible a felony of a certain degree. The punishments include jail time and fines, along with the removal of the animal from the convicted person. Some people do not think that the current punishments are fair for the crimes committed. One study gave people different scenarios and asked them to rate the punishment that was given. The Study showed that people were speciesist and chose harsher punishments for abuse on certain animals like puppies as compared to other animals such as chickens. The study found that the most important factor of the punishment was restricting the perpetrator’s ability to adopt an animal in the future. The study also found that the crime type (abuse or neglect) and the crime outcome (life or death) were not strong variables of punishment ratings (Sims). In Some cases, the abuse or neglect of an animal was just because of ignorance. IN those cases the person usually would just be educated about the proper treatment of animals and would not be punished, unless they were found to have not changed and still committed the abuse even though they knew it was wrong. Each crime is different and is judge d by different people so the perpetrator’s punishment tends to vary a bit. IF there was an objective way of identifying animal cruelty then it would be easier to make punishments fairer. The key to fairly assessing animal cruelty is being able to objectively identify it. Once it becomes objective, emotional ties will not determine what is cruelly. People then need to be aware of what is considered animal cruelty and report it when the see it. After that the crime can be fairly punished.

Bajaj Auto Limited | Analysis

Bajaj Auto Limited | Analysis The global economy and the market are growing faster than ever. The current business situation is in a state where they need to reshape their ideas constantly. The change has become so inevitable that without it a company couldnt survive in this competitive world. Change is the process of taking a company from current position (state) to a desired or expected position (state) and at the same time dealing with the problems that arise in the process, then change is about the management. (Gill, 2003). Change is something that cannot force upon, it is a gradual process of transformation that can affect the entire structure. Change management is an organized, methodical application of the knowledge, tools, and resources of change that provides organizations with a key development to achieve their business strategy. But change management is not a distinct discipline with rigid and clearly defined boundaries (Burnes, 2004). Organisations may not get their desired outcome if the change management is not effective. With effective management of change we can easily achieve a better turnover, expand the business, reduce cost of sales, maximise profit and even retain the same employee satisfaction. There are two angles in which a change can be viewed one from the management who are implementing it and another form the employees who undergo it. In the past, the affect of change agents on a business organization was very small but as and when the business transactions started to happen on global basis, the agents that could lead into organizational change also increased. The affect of a change can be felt in global way just like the current financial crunch that is happening around world. Brief History of Bajaj Auto Limited The Bajaj Group is one of the top 10 business organisations in India. The Bajaj Group has a wide range of industries such as, Bajaj Auto Ltd, home appliances, lighting, iron and steel, insurance, travel and finance. But the groups main focus is Bajaj Auto which is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two- and three- wheeler manufacturer and is well-known in over a dozen countries in Europe, Latin America, the US and Asia. Jamnalal Bajaj founded Bajaj Auto Ltd in the year 1926, which did mainly import and sell two or three wheelers. In the year 1959, the company secured a license from the government of India to manufacture two and three wheelers. From this license, the company started to grow and in the same year, it went in collaboration with Piaggio to manufacture scooters and marketed under the brand name Vespa. By the end of the 10 year agreement with Piaggio, the company started manufacturing its own scooters under the brand name Chetak which pushed the Indian market to top boom and stayed as market leaders in scooter industry for a long period in India. The scooter made a strong brand image among people especially the middle class families who longed to have their own transport which was economical, durable and easy to maintain which was the key factor for their dominancy in market. The cost of motorcycles was 30% high when compared with scooters, so common people prefer it. Another factor for the market dominancy was the restriction for international brands in the Indian market. Hence the company faced no much competition. After the effect of globalisation when international organisation started to enter the Indian market, the competition faced by Bajaj was severe. The international companies had invested a lot in Research and developments and had better features and fuel efficiencies and this started to trouble the Bajas rule over the Indian market. When the price gap between motorcycles and scooters narrowed consumers started to shift to motorcycles because they were more able to travel on a terrain and had much greater ground clearance. When banks started to give loans to own vehicles it was a dream come true for most of the Indians and thus the consumer preference shifted to motorcycles rather than scooters. To conclude the situation created because of the companys lack of interest in RD, the turn over market dominancy and overall market value of the company starts declining constantly. (Source: www.bajajauto.com) Changing Scenario In the early 1990s, the market saw a great recession in the Indian two wheeler sector; overall sales of two-wheelers declined by 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992. This period also saw a steep rise in fuel prices, which resulted in consumers placing greater emphasis on fuel efficiency when purchasing a new two wheeler. Fuel efficiency of scooters were comparatively less with motorcycles. When banks started financing for buying new vehicles common people shifted to motorcycles which can save a fortune in fuel. Japanese companies like Honda motor co. ltd (Honda), Suzuki and Yamaha started their operations in India through joint ventures with Indian companies like hero Cycles ltd, TVS, Escorts, etc. All these joint ventures were in the motorcycle segment. The foreign firms came with the latest technology and efficient production systems, which dramatically improved the quality of motorcycles available in the Indian market. Soon the foreign companies started introducing more new models with contemporary technology, styling and greater fuel efficiency. Then, the entire Indian market witnessed a change that was not at all foreseen by the company. The consumer preference shifted from scooters to motorcycles, which affected the company drastically in a much big way. This was because the difference in the ratio of youngsters and mature adults. In addition the motorcycles became cheaper, more fuel-efficient and was capable to ride with ease in any terrain. The arch rivals, Hero Honda was the company the Bajaj had to compete, but it was in vain as Bajaj had not once thought of modifying their scooters or thought of bringing new motorcycles into market and ultimately Bajaj had to give up its throne of the largest two wheeler company. The model Bajaj was rolling out of the company was a geared scooter. In the year 2005-06 with the entry of gearless scooters Bajaj lost its dominance over the Indian market to the gearless scooter named Activa from Honda, which was more comfortable for old people as well as women and even men have started to use Activa for their short errands because of its ease of use. Forces of Change Organisational change is triggered by performance falling below expectations or aspiration levels (Nilakant Ramnarayan, 2006) or change is initiated by disconfirmation. Forces of change can be two types: the external and the internal. External Forces Consumer preference In the 1990s, the Indian two wheeler market witnessed a shift in consumer preferences. License Raj The private investment was extensively regulated by the government through licensing. All the important business decisions like the entry of a firm into an industry, capacity expansion, choice of product, capacity mix and the technology were controlled by the government in an attempt to prevent concentration of economic power. This was referred as License Raj. Also there was a change in emission norms. Poor conditions of the road The conditions were really bad at that time. The consumers need a vehicle with strong reliability and fuel efficient. Poor conditions of the transport system The suppliers had a hard time for supplying materials. Also the growth was partly attributed to the inefficient public transport systems in the countrys towns and cities, which led to a greater demand for personal transport. Internal Forces Companys inability to force the market and shift in the trend patterns BAL had been slow in reading the demand pattern and how to cater to the changing consumer tastes and preferences. Company was not interested in RD It was believed that the dramatic shift happened because BAL did not pay sufficient attention to design, research and development and consumer satisfaction. No additional features Motorcycles with better ground clearance, stronger suspensions, and larger wheel bases, performed well on the village roads. Also the fuel economy was an added bonus No other brand of scooters No young and fresh minds in the companys management Change Models The format and the procedure by which a change has been made in a particular scenario is known as the change model. Change models are tools for driving change forces in an organization. Managing the complex process of change mainly involves managing a set of activities, in which each of the activity is crucial for the overall success of change. The change process involves translating the need for change into a desire for change, and deciding who will manage the change and creating a effective workable relationship. Change Model applied in Bajaj Auto Ltd Change Models provided by Kurt Lewin (1951) and V. Nilakant S. Ramnarayan (2006) is one of the prominent change models followed in the present world. The best model suited for the current scenario is the combination of both of these models by above authors. It can be divided into three phases: The first phase involves preparing the people for change with the focus on getting them to let go of what is familiar. The second phase involves taking the steps that actually implement the change. The last phase involves returning the organization to a stable state again based on the new culture. The first stage according to Kurt Lewin, in order to implement a change is Unfreezing and most of the cases it will be done by the change agent. In this scenario, Rahul Bajaj, the chairperson of the company is the change agent and this stage involves alerting and communicating the problems, performance gap and need for change to the internal customers/employees. It is basically modifying the current situation in order to achieve the proposed change by proper communication and understanding to the restrainers of change which helps to reduce the resistance and it is the best strategy for change. The second stage involves the application of the change model provided by V. Nilakant and S. Ramnarayan. It mainly highlights the importance of leadership in the process of change. The task of appreciating change requires the leader to understand the forces of change and prevailing mindset inside the organisation, where as task of mobilising support require leaders to facilitate the idea of change. In the same model, task of executing change involves creating the right structure and processes in an organisation, which is crucial and very important for the vertical and horizontal communication within the organisation, which ensures that employees are highly focused during the change process. Building Change capability involves empowering employees and making them believe in their own abilities to face new challenges; undertake and complete new tasks. Above all, high emphasises is placed on leadership in the organisation which is the driving force of the above tasks, which also plays a vital role in creating and sustaining change within an organisation. Managed Change, is a data-driven process that guides the project teams, internal change agents and sponsors to follow as they just need to follow guidelines through simple projects or complex initiatives. The third stage is refreezing stage which stabilizes the organisation at a new state of equilibrium. The main point about this stage is that new behaviour must be, to some degree, congruent with the rest of the behaviour, personality and environment of the learner or it will simply lead to a new round of disconfirmation (Schein, 1996). In organisational terms, refreezing often requires changes to organisational culture, norms, policies and practices. (Cummings and Huse, 1989) (Source: Bernard Burnes (2004) Managing Change (Fourth Edition) Prentice Hall) Application of change model in Bajaj Auto Ltd Unfreezing Stage: After dominating the Indian two wheeler market for three decades by the end of 1999 BAL realised the change in consumer preference from scooter to motorcycles with four stroke engines and predictions was that this trend will continue in a higher scale. There was a 41% fall in scooter sale in 2001 which was a real threat for the existence of BAL. Also a new set of emission norms (equivalent to Euro II emission norms) came into effect in 2000 for petrol two stroke engines. As a result, scooters with two-stroke engines fell out of favour. Applying the change model proposed above, Bajaj Autos was losing its market share due to change in consumer preferences, development of new market segments and availability of better products and scooters manufactured by their competitors. In first step, Chairman of company Rahul Bajaj which is change agent as well identified the need for change as suggested by Kurt Lewin, he unfreeze the current situation by making employees aware of problems, performance gap and need for change. Simultaneously, he empowered and provided new leadership roles to younger generation such as Rajiv Bajaj (Managing Director). In an attempt to regain market share, the company increased its production of motorcycles by 67.6% in 2001 even as the production of geared scooters fell by 44%. By 2001, the company was manufacturing as many motorcycles as geared scoters. Moving/Changing Stage: This is the stage where the leadership qualities of a change agent play an important role in success of the change. Change agent in our scenario Rahul Bajaj who is the chair person of the company analysed the present market environment and figure out the importance of change to retain the market share and to bring the company back in the path of success. He figured out the customer demands through surveys and categorised the production in different segments such as executive segment, cruiser segment, premium segment etc. He also introduced youngsters into the company and gave them more authority in order to create innovative ideas which were very important for the competitive market. He also invested a huge amount in RD and also for design. This completely changed the product portfolio of Bajaj Auto Ltd. Within a short time after these changes new version motorcycles launched in every segment such as Boxer and Caliber in executive segment, Eliminator in cruiser segment and Pulser Ave nger and Discover in premium segment which was a huge success in the Indian motorcycles industry. This transformation of Bajaj from scooters to motorcycles created a huge impact on the mind set of the public especially the new generation who were looking for more performance and stylish bikes. The turning point in this change process was the introduction of the product Pulsar and DTSi technology which help them to capture the two wheeler market under their name and to overcome their rival Hero Honda. They also tried to resurrect scooter sales. While sale of geared scooters were falling, the gearless scooter has been growing. The purchasers of gearless scooters were mainly teenagers, women and older people. So they started production of gearless scooters in 2000 under the name Saffire which was a great success with its new technology and design from Tokyo RD a Japanese design firm. They also give great importance to improve the mileage because it was an important specification for choosing a new model in the market. As per the model suggested the change agent was successful in motivating people, engaging people and developing the capabilities in an economical way rather than going for a complete reconstruction of the organisation. They appreciated the change happened in the organisation, build up the change capabilities, mobilise support and execute the change in the right time and right manner. Refreezing Stage: This is the stage where the company returns to a stable state based on the new culture. It mainly deals with changes to organisational culture, norms, policies and practices to cope up with the change for a smooth running of the day to day routine of the organisation. When Bajajs motorcycles were becoming popular the scooter sales were really down because of the competition in market. They analysed the market deeply and made apt changes. Meetings and sessions were arranged to discuss the unpleasant fact about new competition and flat earnings. So they were forced to phase out several models including the Spirit, the Sunny Spice, the Legend NXT 2 and the Bravo. The Saffire, suffered from several technical problems. Its sales too failed to pick up so they did modifications and was replaced by the Wave in 2005. In 2004, they also upgraded their old model Chetak with a new four stroke, 125cc engine, with a promise of greater comfort, superior performance, and better mileage. In June 2006, the company announced its plans to raise production capacity from 3.5 million units to 5.1 million units a year by 2009, of which the capacity for two-wheelers was to be 4.6 million units. According to their plans, they recently launched a 220cc variant of it popular Pulsar motorcycle. In 2004 Bajaj auto changed their old logo and created a new logo and brand line to renew its new brand identity. This proves that a vision says something that helps clarify the direction in which an organization needs to move (Kotter, 2007). These visions and their accomplishments stabilised the organisation at a new state of equilibrium. Change Agent The person who has the handed the management of the change is known as the change agent. The facilitator who is in-charge of the change in particular section where the change is needed is known as the change agent. (Mc Calman and Paton 1992). Their task also includes circulate information, identify problems, strategy development, monitor the progress and problems and reporting to the management. To introduce a change the change agent must have a vision and direction and the capability to make people to follow their direction and understand their vision. (Clarke, 1994). In this case study, the chair person of Bajaj Auto Limited Mr. Rahul Bajaj is the change agent who proved to have a great compassion towards changes in market conditions. He also proved to be an efficient change agent by handling different difficult situation easily. According to the changes in market conditions he changed the brand names to make them more localised and classified the motorcycles in different sections so they can penetrate the market more easily. His adherent Rajiv Bajaj also played a very important role in this change scenario who had a major role in designing and marketing their icon model Pulsar which help the company to acquire a major share in market. Pulsar was selected as Bike of the year for continuous 4 years and he was selected as the Automotive man of the year 2005 by Auto car Professional, bike India and NDTV India respectively. Timely actions taken by change agent like implementation of changes in policies, production and technology and final stage of in tegration help them to achieve the worlds 4th and Indias 1st largest producer of two and three wheelers. Analysis and Recommendations: In this scenario Bajaj Auto Ltd handled this particular situation incredibly but there were certain instances where they could have done even better. The Indian two wheeler market was dominated by scooters till 1990s and motorcycles came as new favourites. Bajaj was the market leaders till that time later their sales declined because they did not pay attention to design, R D and customer preference. They also didnt give much importance to marketing while the competitors were keen in increasing the sales through advertisements. Rahul Bajaj later admitted that they had been slow in reading the demand pattern and failed to anticipate customer behaviour. They also didnt participate in any social responsibilities and failed to build a trusting relationship with customers, employees and society. But they handled the whole situation sensibly with the proper implementation of change models and the powerful leadership under the change agent Rahul Bajaj. Conclusion This scenario clearly shows that change is a continuous process and a proper identification and implementation of a change results in organisational growth. Success of change depends on choosing the perfect change model with fewer resources and can create maximum outcome. An organisation should anticipate the need for change, utilise the resources effectively to attain this mission and must integrate this effort into the planning process. Change agent also has an important role where the desired result depends on how he manages the particular change. To conclude change is an essential aspect in growth and development and the overall success depends on how we tackle the change effectively. 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