Health Benefits of Beer Essay

My topic that I chose for this lit review is beer. I decided to do beer because it is something that me and my dad have in common and can bond over. Beer is not just an alcoholic drink for me there is more substance there. Beer is interesting because every beer company makes their product differently. Also beer is one of the most sold products in the world and I would like to find more information of it. Humanities: Miller, Carl. â€Å"Beer and Television: Perfectly Tuned In. † All About Beer 25 Feb. 2008: 29. The source Beer and Television: Perfectly Tuned In would fall under the category of Social Sciences. It would fall under this category because the article is about beer commercials and how it affects business. There is really only one way to judge a beer commercial and that is is if the commercial makes consumers buy the product. Every commercial is a little different but every one of them has the same message, buy my beer. The article discusses the way the beer industry grew due to television. Every beer company realized they needed to make their product well known so that people would go out and buy it. These companies did this by creating short and sometimes funny commercials. The search for the perfect beer commercial has been around since the invention of the television in American culture in the 1940’s. In the 1940’s no one knew what a good commercial was because the television had just been made. Since the prohibition era had just ended beer breweries were wary of putting their product on the air at first. Some critics thought that this type of commercial intruded peoples’ living rooms and thought it offended people. For this reason the breweries only aired the commercials late at night and never on Sunday. The American bar was the first home of the television. In Chicago half of all television sales were bars. Meaning that the beer companies could target their product directly to the beer drinker in a bar stool. In the early days of television, television was dominated by sports programs. This is great for selling beer because â€Å"sports sell beers†. The article does a wonderful job of showing how the beer industry grew immensely due to television commercials. I like how many industries used tough macho men to promote the light beer campaign. Also the catchy jingles and funny cartoon skits would get stuck in your head so that when you went to the bar or to the alcohol store they would buy that product. The article used easy words so that the common man would be able to understand and reflect upon it. The article shows how competitive the beer industry was for the best commercial, giving the reader a descriptive past of beer. This article is linked to my topic because it shows how competitive the beer industry was with selling their beer. Mennella JA; Beauchamp GK Developmental Psychobiology [Dev Psychobiol] 1993 Dec; Vol. 26 (8), pp. 459-66. Beer, breast feeding, and folklore. It is common practice in our society to breast feed. It is believed in folklore that if the woman breast feeding drinks beer, than the baby will become healthier. Some other folklore is that if the woman drinks beer it will increase her milk supply, lessen the feeding pain, and it increases the hormone needed to create breast milk. So a group of scientists decided to have an experiment to see if drinking a beer really did do all the legend said it did. They had 12 lactating women with infants participate in the experiment. Six of whom drank an alcoholic beer before feeding and the other six drank a non-alcoholic beer. Then a week later at the same time as the week before the roles was reversed. What the experiment found was that: the infants drank less milk when the mother had the alcoholic beer, drank for longer, the women felt they had leftover milk in their breast, and the babies acted the same with both milks. Scientists would have liked to keep researching but, prolonged exposure to babies less than one year of age can cause ill effects to the their motor development skills. This article was interesting since there were so many myths about alcohol and breastfeeding. The article gave the reader many statistics about breastfeeding and how slight differences can change the milk. The article disqualifies all of the folklore of drinking a beer before breastfeeding. I hope women read this and realize that giving their babies low doses of beer can hurt their growth and will actually decrease the amount of milk the infant will drink. This article is linked to my topic because many women drink a beer before breastfeeding because they believe in the folklore. Social Sciences: Bretting, Sandra. â€Å"SMALL BUSINESS THE FLOW OF BEER. † Houston Chronicle ISSN 1074-7109, 11/08/2009, p. 4. The source SMALL BUSINESS THE FLOW OF BEER Keeping the kegs on course Logistics company tracks empties and gets them back fast for refills would fall under the category of social sciences. It would fall under this category because the article is about how a small business handles there kegs. Many people buy kegs for multiple reasons. One reason is that you can buy 170 or so beers for much cheaper than buying them by the 30 pack. Also is it refillable and there for saving the environment by not using cans or bottles to drink the beer. Every company though has to be able to track their kegs and get them refilled as soon as possible. Whenever a beer keg becomes empty it has to go back to the brewery to be refilled. So the beer stores would collect their kegs and send them back to the brewery which was usually in Europe. But since most beer stores handled around 90 products this made the logistics overwhelming. So a man named Brady 25 years ago created a freight company that transported products by rail. A few years later Guinness & Co. of Ireland hired Brady to handle their logistics for returning their empty kegs. After that deal the company took off. The company officially launched its beer logistics product in 1994. The product was called Kegspeditor Sytem, the system collects empty kegs from beer stores, returns kegs to the brewery, and then documents the entire process. The article does a good job of showing how one small company came up with an idea and made millions. I like how the article gave an exact description of what the company does. Also the writer makes the reader feel good about the company because it helps the common beer drinking man and the brewery and the environment. The article is a bit of a tough read since it is about logistics but, still interesting. The article shows that there are many things that happen with a keg that most people do not realize. This article is linked to my topic because beer kegs are a big part of the business aspect of beer. Kirkby, Diane Journal of Popular Culture; Fall2003, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p244-256 â€Å"Beer, Glorious Beer†: Gender Politics and Australian Popular Culture. â€Å"Beer is a religion in Australia,† according to Cyril Pearl. In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s there were multiple myths about Australians’ and their beer. One myth was that their beer was the strongest in the world and was meant for tough men with chest hair. The second myth was that they could drink the most amount of beer. There is a very strong relationship between masculinity and beer. In fact in the 1920’s to around the 1960’s women had no correlation with beer besides serving it in Australia’s society. So during that time period the men would get off work at five and then drink till 6 at the bar, because that is when it closed back in the day. This closing time for bars was known as the â€Å"Six O’Clock Swill† where the working men of Australia would get hammered in one hour. Getting drunk every night was considered the good life in this culture, consequently during this time period there was the highest amount of divorces. This article does a fine job of explaining the history of Australian drinking culture and how it changed through the years. The reader learns that drinking was and still is a big deal in Australia. Also, this reading made me realize that Australian men may be fierce with their drinking but, in the more recent decades women have become just as fierce. The article uses some different dialect terms at times so that made the article a little hard to read. This article is linked to my topic because it is about how beer affected and affects Australian culture. Natural and Physical Sciences: LESKOSEK-CUKALOVIC et al. : Beer with Improved Functionality, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 48 (3) 384–391 (2010). New Type of Beer – Beer with Improved Functionality and Defined Pharmacodynamic Properties. Almost everyone enjoys an ice cold beer at the end of a hard day. Beer is the most popular beverage in the world. There are many reasons explaining why it is so popular. One reason is that it is a cheap alcoholic drink. Another is that there are so many different choices in choosing a beer. Thirdly, recently found out in fact that beer has health benefits. In healthy dosages beer is very good for you. Some health benefits include: reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, blood cholesterol levels, diabetes, osteoporosis, dementia, and a beer day is better for your heart than a glass of red wine. Beer however does have disastrous effects on your body if you consume excess amounts of it for a prolonged period of time. Good news though is in recent studies beer has the ability to lessen the chance of getting colon cancer. The most important biological factor found in the beer’s hops is the compound xanthohumol (XH). XH has the ability to stop major enzymes in cancer, particularly colon in moderate drinking. This article was extremely interesting in how it gave a beer a good name. It seems like many people are against beer because it turns gentlemen into cavemen. But, if those people would read this article their eyes would be opened to what beer really is, an alcoholic drink that is actually good for you in moderation. The best information in the article in my opinion was the fact that a beer a day is better for your heart than a glass of red wine. Article was extremely factual and had many statistics. This article is linked to my topic because it shows the positive effects beer can have on the body. J. D. Pedrera-Zamorano et al. / Nutrition 25 (2009) 1057–1063 Effect of beer drinking on ultrasound bone mass in women. Osteoporosis is a major health care issue. This disease is the weakening of bone mass causing more broken bones. Good news is that medicine has increased the life expectancy of the average woman. But, with more age comes more likelihood to get a disease especially one associated with age, such as osteoporosis. Women post menopause are the most likely to get osteoporosis. The older one gets the more calcitonin they lose. Calcitonin is one of the major attributes that keep your bones healthy. Recent studies have shown that moderate drinking increases calcitonin output. Also, in beer that does good for a woman’s body is flavones, it slows the post menopause effect of losing calcitonin. Another attribute of beer that helps prevent the deterioration of bones is silicon in liquid form. Since beer is second to water in providing silicon in liquid form to the western hemisphere’s diet, one could say that beer could help promote bone formation. I found this article very intriguing because of the health benefits, especially for women. Most women do not enjoy drinking beer because of the taste, but maybe after reading this article they will change their minds. The reading had many facts, large words, and stats. This article yet again gives beer a good name in how it can help people. This article is linked to my topic because it shows how the beer can help prolong the life of women.

Public Human Resource Management Essay

Please respond to the following: * Analyze the topics discussed in Chapter 1, with the exception of the laws. Select two topics and discuss two positive effects and two challenges the topic poses for human resource departments in the public sector. Performance Managementfor human resource departments it is important; to utilize the skills, focus and provide incentives for employees that are based on performance to achieve the organization’s goal. Human resource departments need to provide training and programs that are accessible to help enhance members of the organization’s learning with constant changes in policies and procedures. Two challenges posed to human resource departments; the inability to provide essential information to access or evaluate an employee’s performance accurately, Failure to provide quality and satisfactory customers services to connect with a task group with the strategies and plans the organization has implemented. Improvement in Labor Managementfor human resource departments it mean networking and communicating with various industrials and labor force can be a way to improve relationships even though they may not agree on some issues. Implementing policies and strategic plans that will benefit the public and private globally as well as nationally is vital in society today. Challenges posed to human resource departments; a human resource department or union disputing and failing to negotiation and resolve an issue, Trends in the change or advancement of technology and the ability of human resource departments to deal with the change especially in a global labor market. The outsourcings of jobs and employees that perform their jobs without being in a traditional workplace can create challenges for human resource departments when there is less or no communication among staff. Two topics that have an effect for human resources are 1) Recruitment and 2) Training and development. Two positive effects for recruitment is that there is a need to  fill 300k positions annually, and their is a need to attract quality applicants. Two challenges for Recruitment are recruiting qualified applicants, and keeping up with the rapid pace to hire the most qualified applicants. Two positive effects for training and development is that it will allow employees to take advantage of gaining knowledge to increase their chances of getting promoted. It will also allow companies to attract the best employees. Two challenges would consist of the cost for setting up training and development, and the alloted time allowed for an employee to complete neccessary training. Week1-Dq2 â€Å"Public Human Resource Management in the News† Please respond to the following: * From the e-Activities, discuss the current event you reviewed from the selected agency and determine the cause of the issue, noting if the cause was due to neglected public bureaucracies from elected and appointed officials. Discuss at least two results of the issue. Using USA.gov, I chose to investigate the United States Postal Service (USPS) agency. I was aware that this group was in financial strain for some time, but I found it interesting to review some of the latest information regarding key problems and possible solutions. Currently, the USPS operates with about 650,000 unionized personnel. Employees sort, package, transport, and deliver the public mail. Although the organization charges for its services (postage rates, etc), as an agency, much of its budget is subsidized by public funds. In discussing the current situation, the Washington Post reported, â€Å"first-class mail volume [is] plummeting as Americans conduct more business and communications through the Internet.† Perhaps what is most important is the fact that this trend is continuing as the USPS reportedly lost $16 billion in the 2012 fiscal year. For this reason the USPS issue has been debated in Congress for years and has recently been one of several key debates for lawmakers during the â€Å"fiscal cliff† dilemma. In the past Congress has had difficulty deciding whether to adopt solutions such as suspending Saturday delivery and limiting other specialty services. Also, there is the question of how much public money should go to USPS employee retirement benefits and labor contracts. To many individuals, this is traditionally seen as a bureaucratic problem; however, personally I do not believe that the problem is purely the result of public  sector negligence. Like many government services, it is more likely that the answer lies in serious reform rather than complete suspension. Interestingly, I located an article about the nonprofit – National Academy of Public Administration – that suggested a kind of public/private hybrid approach to fix the USPS’s difficulties. The concept entails â€Å"farming out† much of the behind the scenes process while a federal letter carrier would still handle front-line delivery services. What is apparent is that there are several significant results from this issue including the continuing postal rate increases, the reduction of service (e.g. limited post office hours), and continued legislative debate of whether this public service is vital enough to continue to ask taxpayers to subsidize what seems to be a failing business formula. http://www.usa.gov/directory/federal/us-postal-service.shtml http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/think-tank-to-study-privatizing-most-postal-service-operations/2013/01/03/2adc0b08-55ed-11e2-8b9e-dd8773594efc_story.html http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/universal-service-postal-monopoly-history.pdf http://www.gao.gov/assets/210/203772.pdf wk2dq1 â€Å"Building HRM Capacity† Please respond to the following: * Imagine you are the consultant for the agency you selected in the Week 1 e-Activity (you may choose from one of the e-Activities). Assume the selected agency is large but poorly performing in a highly visible public program which did not have performance measures for employees. The public program serves over two million citizens across the 52 states. Propose and provide a rationale for two change strategies to address the agency’s performance. * Propose two methods of performance measures for the department to meet within six months. Provide a rationale for each method. * In week one I selected to analyze the United States Postal Service (USPS). Over the past decade this agency has been under increasing scrutiny regarding operation costs, procedures and personnel. Since last week’s discussion I took a few minutes to speak to my postal carrier in order to gain some perspective on internal communication within the agency. It was  surprising to learn that the departments within the organization are isolated in such a way that – with exception to â€Å"water cooler† talk – most USPS workers have about the same understanding of the agency’s problem as the general public. * * After reading the â€Å"Instructor’s Insight† supplemental article, I started to consider how the USPS personnel might benefit from a more constitutional administrative approach. Like many, I have noticed that customer service (or just simple pride in the job) is severely lacking with many USPS employees. Considering today’s job market, one would assume that individuals would take their work and team management very seriously. One might also say that it appears that some postal workers are immune from accountability. * * This said, one of the strategies that I would implement would be to reform the organizational culture. It should be a privilege to be employed by – and serve – the American people, while also being trusted to process citizens’ personal property. I agree with Newbold’s (2010) article, in that, public personnel members should pledge to uphold the U.S. Constitution through their service. I also feel that department management should be given the authority to make certain that this new attitude sustains. A simple professional attitude change within the organization can lead to greater productivity, and it could be measured in 6-months via public reaction (exit surveys, media reports, increase in sales, etc). * * After reading Chapter 2 in the Riccucci (2012) book, it also became apparent to me that the method in which recruiting and managing personnel could also benefit from change. In the section regarding â€Å"Strengthening Teaching† Klinger (2012) writes, â€Å"†¦transition includes ethical competencies: the ability to balance conflicting expectations like employee rights and organizational effectiveness†¦ (p22)† Balancing job productivity and employee needs is a challenge in almost every industry. Perhaps another solution might be to focus not only on hiring quality personnel, but continually reassessing employee qualities and how it might best serve the organization. * * Individuals can be motivated by compensation; however, exceptional performance tends to stem from passion. My recommendation would be that 21st-century HRM has to be focused on the individual’s strengths and weaknesses and not what the worker’s union requires. This in my opinion is currently a shortcoming of the USPS. Therefore, I would offer a 6-month challenge that involves department managers communicating with each staff members – every 2 to 4 weeks – and document at least one unique item that each staff person could offer that would benefit the USPS operation team. I believe that with a slow transition, personality can be infused into traditional staff procedure which will lead to empowerment and greater productivity.

Price Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Price Controls - Essay Example Price ceiling refers to the highest amount that can be charged for a product. Ceiling price controls determines the highest prices that might be charged for a particular commodity but do not limit transactions at lower prices below the ceiling price. On the other hand, price floor is the minimum amount charged for the product. However, just like in the case of price ceilings, price floor controls do not limit transactions at higher prices above the floor price (Newberry, 09). The government agency may be encouraged to fix and enforce the exact prices for which certain commodity or commodities may be sold. Alternatively, the government through the agency-as discussed above-might decides to set ceilings and floor prices for particular goods or services. The market prices determined by the interaction of the demand and supply curves are the basic building blocks for most economies. Consumers taste for a commodity will determine how much of the product they will be willing to buy at a given price. Consumers tend to buy more of a commodity as its prices declines (Newberry, 87). Companies in turn, decide on how much they will be willing to supply to the market at different prices. If consumers agree to pay more for a commodity, then more suppliers will be tempted to produce the product. The increased prices motivate manufacturers to increase their production capabilities by conducting research to improve the quality of the products. Therefore, the supply of goods in the market increases with an increase in the product’s price (Wise, 32). This dynamic interaction provides the equilibrium market price of the commodity where sellers and buyers can transact freely. The price that results from this interaction causes the quantity of goods being demanded by customers to be equal to the supply produced by manufacturers. In most countries, the government is going through hard times trying to control prices for some commodities. For instance, one of the critical issues that were facing American citizens by the year 2001 was how to manage prescription drug prices, particularly for senior who depend on Medicare coverage. Some policy makers at the time tried to encourage the government to directly contract with drug manufacturers to purchase drugs for the seniors-at the government set prices. However, despite numerous attempts by the policy maker, that kind of price control proved to be harmful to the American citizens. Considering the above example and many other similar cases, this paper will try to analyze the problems associated with price controls (Wise, 145). 2. Constitutional Issues affecting Price Control It is a common practice that every gov ernment will always gain favor from the voters and its constituents when it lowers prices of any popular commodity (Age?nor and Carlos, 89). That is, prices to some extent limit the welfare of an individual as it will reduce the amount of products consumed. Therefore, lowering the price will definitely increase the welfare of consumers especially if the prices are for popular good within a country. The government also gains favor from firms and lobbyists when it raises prices of some goods-that will earn them profits. Given these benefits to policymakers, you should not be surprised on discovering that price control is a common practice in history of most Western economies (Age?nor and Carl

Largemouth Bass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Largemouth Bass - Essay Example The blotches give it a beautiful look. The anterior part of the fish has 9-11 spines and a clearly divided fin; while, the posterior part consists of 12-14 soft rays (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.1). They are given the name largemouth because their upper jaw is so big that it reaches the rear end of the eyes at either side. In the first year of its life, this fish grows 5-6 inches. In two years, it is about 8-12 inches; and a three year old fish is nearly 16 inches long. â€Å"The Alabama state angling record (16 lb, 8 oz) was caught in Mountain View Lake, Shelby County, in 1987† (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.2). Largemouth Bass are said to be the biggest predators of the aquatic environment. They become active predators right in the first year of their lives. They feed on zooplankton, smaller sunfish, crayfish, smaller amphibians, and other little insects (Oster 10). Adult Bass feeds on smaller Bass and other fish of the aquatic ecosystem. Since this fish has a large mouth, it has the advantage of fewer predators. However, young largemouth bass is preyed upon by many predators like herons and larger fish. They can survive in a wide variety of aquatic habitats; however, they are most commonly found in quieter watery regions, such as manmade ponds, submerged logs, and rock ledges. They are able to tolerate turbidity and loose current in these waters. They are largely found in rivers and lakes in Texas, where they begin their spawning in spring season. It is when the temperature of the waters reaches 60? F. In winters, they move deep into the sea to find warmth; and in spring, they come up on bays that have become warmer (Bridges and Bester, para.6). They come in shallow waters when they are looking for food, in the mornings and evenings. The male bass makes nest under the water where the female bass lays eggs. Then she goes away, and the male bass protects the eggs that hatch in 5-10 days. The newborns are called fry, and they stay in groups called schools. Their schools are under direct supervision of the male bass. The lifespan of a largemouth bass is nearly 16 years (Texas Parks and Wildlife, para. 4). The Official Web site of Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (â€Å"Largemouth Bass†, para.3) states that: Native populations of Micropterus salmoides occur throughout the eastern United States. Extensive stockings of the Florida subspecies, M. s. floridanus, and the mainland subspecies, M. s. salmoides, have expanded the range of this species from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and from southern Canada into Mexico. The Florida subspecies of largemouth bass has been selectively stocked in Alabama since 1971 and continues to be stocked by state and private fisheries biologists. Subspecies of largemouth bass have been introduced into Texas, and thus, largemouth bass becomes a specialty of this state. Texas has a great number of bass angling clubs where largemouth bass fishing is done. This fishing is very important for Texas’ economy as fish anglers prefer largemouth bass over any other fish for fishing. The trend of catch and release is growing, especially when the anglers catch adult largemouth bass. This is because most of these are female breeders, and it becomes important for the anglers to release them in the same water after catching, so that the breeding of fish is not disturbed. Texas is also popular for largemouth fish as delicious seafood, due to

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein Essay

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein - Essay Example Religion is the endeavor of mankind to be thoroughly and clearly conscious of religious values and goals and expand their influence (Einstein 46). There has been an argument over the last century that conflict between knowledge and belief cannot be reconciled. Belief that does not depend on knowledge should be opposed. The school has played a significant role in providing knowledge to open ones way of thinking. Through clear thinking and understanding, we can be able to support convictions. Science teaches us how facts relate to each other or how they condition one another. One should use knowledge in the most complete and transparent approach to achieve goals of human aspirations. Intelligent thoughts play a role in the formulation of goals and moral judgments. It makes interrelation of ends means clear thus leading to fundamental and ultimate ends. Religion plays an extremely vital role in making clear the essential ends and valuations and setting them in the emotional life of a person. Authority of fundamental ends exists as powerful traditions in a healthy society. They come into existence through revelation via the medium of powerful personalities (Einstein 49). The Jewish-Christian religious tradition gives us the principles for ones judgments and aspirations. The tradition gives a firm basis of ones valuations and aspirations. Unfortunately, we can only get it inadequately with ones weak powers. The function of education is to promote a young person develop with fundament principles of science and religion. This will help them look for substance and not the form (Einstein 51). When we compare the above principles with life and spirit of ones times, we realize that we civilized are in danger. This has arises since the rulers are the ones striving to crush the spirit of humanity. Oppression of individuals, nationalism, and intolerance are the one that threaten to choke the cherished traditions (Einstein

Jack London Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jack London - Research Paper Example We should study literature because of the understanding it can provide regarding the ways and means people communicate and to identify those aspects of culture and life that are important. At the same time that literature works to expose the inner workings of the human soul, it inadvertently reveals the deeper elements of its author’s understandings. Such is the case with the author Jack London, who lived a life quite similar to that portrayed within his main characters. Although some of his best known works are White Fang and Call of the Wild, each of which convey some of what he learned while exploring the Alaskan frontier, London wrote other stories that reveal a great deal more about his inner character. By investigating what is known of Jack London’s biography, one can begin to trace the deep sense of disconnection London felt in his life and his attempts to use his writing as a means of making the connections he felt were lacking. Regardless of where in the west one laid his head, the late 1800s and early 1900s were a time of incredible change as the country awoke to find itself a great nation. As the resources of the country were being realized, individual men took advantage of the opportunities that presented themselves in order to bring about greater futures for themselves. These transformations, of both the country and the individual, were brought about by other changes as well, such as the growing technology that enabled steam engines to haul freight on rails from the country’s vast interior to the more inhabited exterior regions and the ability to reliably send post from one end of the country to the other. The large-scale transformations that took place as the result of greater technology and new ways of doing business were among the driving forces for bringing about transformations of the individual character of

An Assessment of the Current Economic Conditions of Africa Essay

An Assessment of the Current Economic Conditions of Africa - Essay Example However, the continent managed to present a 5% rise in economic activity. This was as a result of greater metal and oil prices, significant boost in formal development aid and enhanced economic stability. In 2011, the economic growth of Africa fell. The current economy of Africa seems to be recovering from a ‘devastating’ situation, following the economic performance decline in 2011. The African region has been shaken by the natural phenomenon as well as critical civil wars within countries, among other human activated activities. When all this is combined, it will always impact into a region’s economy either in a positive, or a negative manner. In a span of one decade, we have seen the continent’s economy fall and with no time able to recover again. Africa’s economy was not at its worst in 2011 as many would think; holding 3.4% GDP growth from 5% in 2010. Tracing back to 2009, the economy was even lower with 3%; a percentage lower than in 2011 befor e shooting to 5%, which means that the continent has the capability to put itself back to a better position, which would contribute to an increase in the total world economic growth. This is the reason to disagree with the position that the decline was devastating; instead it is better to term the decline as average though the impact was deeply felt by the population of the continent. Africa is a continent with about 54 countries, and over one billion people living at different levels of life. This prompts the need for development in the countries that have loopholes in governance among other necessities, to fasten the growth. In one way or the other, all the countries new and existing need to co-operate and focus on one mission of strengthening the economy. Africa’s economic situation in the 1st phase of 2012 shows a forecast of recovering process by end of 2012. â€Å"With the gradual recovery of North African economies, Africa’s average growth is expected to reboun d to 4.5% in 2012 and 4.8% in 2013† (â€Å"African economic outlook 2012: Macroeconomic† 15). North African economy had been compressed following the political problems, social tension and civil wars experienced. These are countries with credible sources of oil depositories where the pressure within was felt in the whole of Africa. In South Africa, the 2010 GDP growth was at 2.9%, with an estimated increase to 3.1% in 2011(â€Å"South Africa† africaeconomicoutlook.org). However, due to basic local weaknesses and the weak global economic recovery, there was an expected slowdown in growth in 2012. In 2013, the GDP growth of South Africa was estimated to rise to 3.6% (â€Å"South Africa† africaeconomicoutlook.org). In 2011, the rate of consumption and investment grew by 3.5% and 5.2% respectively(â€Å"South Africa† africaeconomicoutlook.org). Africa was the largest beneficiary of the IDA (International Development Association), World Bank’s fun d in 2011, with a $ 7.0 billion financial commitment to improve the economy and population’s living condition to eradicate poverty (â€Å"The World Bank Annual Report 2011† 3). Much remains to be achieved in the continent despite the huge borrowing and aids received in the region. Even after the debt relief in 2005 that was a ‘salvation’ of the African countries, debt seems to be on the rise though the act the suppressed rate of borrowing. Today more than ever, the continent has changed the rate and pattern of borrowing. African countries are keen on the interests and conditions involved when taking development funds, this has resulted to China being preferred over the World Bank on financial lending in Africa. However, Africa still remains fragile where the total expenditure in most countries

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity Essay

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity - Essay Example The central argument in Linn’s case is that the food manufacturing companies are the ones responsible for the high number of obese kids in society. However, David has a different argument stating that it is the accountability of the guardian and the kid to ensure that the child does not get obese. These central arguments are different and reviewing their supporting arguments offers more insight on the issue. The key difference between these two authors is on who ought to take responsibility for the obesity problem facing kids in the contemporary world. According to Susan Linn, the responsibility for this goes to the companies that manufacture these foodstuffs. She supports this by further stating that the advent in technology has made companies powerful enough to sidestep the authority of the parent when a kid wants to purchase a particular commodity. They have done this by producing commodities that are cheap enough for a kid to purchase with their allowance without necessarily asking their parents for the money. According to David, the responsibility for this falls on the companies and parents. David offers an example of his life where he received enough money to go to fast food restaurants and take his daily meals. He states that this has not changed with the contemporary families and is thus the parent’s responsibility. He further states that the kids ought to practice self-control not to go into these restaurants and eat fast foods. David comments on the issue of children that have flocked courts claiming to sew these fast food restaurants for their obese conditions (ZincZenko). He states that this is a wrong thing to do and that instead of suing these companies, the kids ought to take great care of their health. The fast food companies are also at fault because they do not indicate the ingredient content on their commodities and this leads to misinformed decisions among

Muscular endurance Essay Example for Free

Muscular endurance Essay 20 shuttles running to the bleeps and the bleeps gradually get faster this shows you how well your endurance is in your muscles and your cardiovascular system. You can improve this by doing circuit training. Other tests which can be done are Cooper run which involves you running around a 400 meter track for twelve minutes to see how far you can run. This also measures your muscular endurance and how well you cardiovascular system is. The other test is the Harvard step test which is thirty steps per minute. You use your pulse to assess your fitness levels. Here are some other tests which can test the components of fitness: Muscular endurance Sit-ups, press ups and circuit training Muscular strength Bench press, chin ups, grip strength and decimetre. Flexibility Sit and reach, hyperextensions and stretches Body composition Pinch test which callipers biceps and triceps. The tests out of there that I will do is the muscular endurance and muscular strength tests. The principles of training that I might use in the six weeks are:- Specificity Which means Ill be working on specific areas. Especially areas that I am weak at. Overload This means I do more than my body can do with ease and increase the intensity of the exercise. Reversibility (if injured or ill for a long period of time) If I am out of training for a certain period of time. My bodies final result in training declines. To prevent this from occurring you need to keep training otherwise you may have reversibility. Here are some Methods of training which I could use in my six week programme. Continuous (for aerobic system). In the continuous training you walk, jog, cycle or swim at a steady pace, without rest. To overload, increase the time, distance, speed or frequency. The advantages of this method of training is its great for aerobic fitness. You dont need special equipment and its good for burning off body fat. The disadvantages of this method of training is it can be boring and it doesnt improve spring speed, which is needed for a lot of sports. It is more suited for long distance runners. The other method of training is Fartlek training. This is mainly for sprinters because of the change of speed. You can use it in many ways for example on a bike, running and skiing. Overload by increasing times, or the difficulty of the terrain. You could run up hills or threw sand or mud. The advantages of Fartlek training is good for a lot of sports because of the change of speed. You can change the mix of fast and slow work to suit your sport. The changes of pace makes it intense. The disadvantages are the coaches cant tell how hard an athlete is training. You could argue that the athlete should try his/her hardest to get more out of their training. An its easy to skip the tough buts so you need a lot of determination. Interval training In the interval training you do fast and then slow work. A good example of this is running. You can do a 30 meter sprint and then a 30 second jog. This is good for running and swimming. Each repetition of the pattern is called a rep. You must do a set of these before you can rest. This is also done in weights. You do reps in weights and you do different speeds (push the weight up fast and bring it down slow). You overload the interval training by doing more reps or sets or both or you could set less time on slow work and resting. In weights you usually increase the weight but do less reps. The advantages of this is you can mix both anaerobic and anaerobic work. It is also easy to see when you are giving up. The disadvantages are its hard t keep going and you need lots of determination. Also if you overload you increase the chances of injury because of the sudden changes. The training equipment that I will be using on my training is a weight bar with weights on the end. The bar itself ways about 10kg so whatever weights I put on the end I have to add 10kg because of the bar. I usually do my weight training with my partner Hollie. Shes a 18 year old girl and is about my level in all training that we do. I will use her as my motivation. For my sprint training I will be using a sports hall which has a lot of grip on it. This allows me to turn and change direction quickly (agility) which is the use of speed and muscular strength.

Antitrust Practices and Market Power Essay Example for Free

Antitrust Practices and Market Power Essay Apple was investigated, as well as several publishing companies for conspiring to keep e-book prices high. Amazon is the biggest retailer of e-books, and the publishing business has been thrown into chaos by the popularity of e-books. Publishing companies used the old publishing model of selling e-books like print books where the publisher sells the book to the retailer, like Amazon or Apple, at about half the price of the cover price and the retailer can sell the book at whatever price it chooses. (Chen Bosman, 2013) Apple entered into contracts with publishers that use an â€Å"agency model† to price e-books. This meant that publishers would set the price of e-books, and the retailer would get 30% of the sale price as profit. Apple also stipulated that publishers could not set a price lower than the price in Apple’s e-book store. (Chen Bosman, 2013) This action by Apple was investigated because the primary purpose of these contracts was to keep the e-book prices higher, and to reduce competition between booksellers. Amazon, the giant in the market, would not be able to compete on price, and e-books would cost consumers more. Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and nonpecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having power in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated. The pecuniary cost of the actions of Apple is that consumers will pay more money for books, and Apple, as well as other book sellers, will not have to compete on price with Amazon who dominates the market. This will cost Amazon, and booksellers and publishers may make more money at the expense of consumers. The non-pecuniary cost will be that books will not be as available at low prices to consumers who want them, but cannot afford the price. Price fixing is a violation of section 2 of the Clayton Act of 1914. This act prohibits price discrimination that is not based on cost differences that reduces competition. (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012) Given your research and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to provide real world examples of where this may be the case to strengthen your position. Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society. According to my research in this case, Amazon’s demonstration of oligopoly power is good for society because e-book prices are lower when Amazon tries to block other competitors from entering the e-book market, and more e-books are then available to the public. This is a good real-world example of the positive influence that an oligopoly can have for society, and an example of how regulation is needed, and anti-trust laws, when oligopolies use collusion to compete instead of letting the free-market operate. References Chen, B. X., Bosman, J. (2013, June 2). E-book antitrust trial of Apple to begin. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics (19th ed.). Retrieved from http://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/0077587766/pages/50192724

Case Study of Child Rights: Matilda Film Case

Case Study of Child Rights: Matilda Film Case Introduction This assignment is going to be about human rights their origins and development regarding young people and children. One media source has to be chosen to allow me to explore a current issue related to the rights of children and I have chosen (Matilda 1996) and I will provide a debate or argument which assesses how the theme of my media source can be seen. I will look at the policies related to rights of children in the care and analyse the media source alongside some of the theories and I should think how these ideas play out in reality. My media source Matilda I will be looking at power and powerlessness and the notion of advocacy and at the end of the essay I will summarise and pull together all the arguments. Rights and Participation According to Ehall (2016) in Article 12 of the convention on the rights of the child it says every child has the right to participate in decision making which is relevant to their lives. The concept of childrens involvement of decision making is embodied within The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (UNCRC) (UNICEF 1989),which regards   children and young people as being citizens in their own right and having some level of autonomy over their lives (willow,2005,Lancaster and Broadbent,2003) The movie is about a 6 year old girl who lives with her mean parents and her brother. They ignored her and never listened to what she said or asked for. Matilda taught herself how to read and used to go to the library every time her mother left her home alone while she went for bingo. Mrs Phelps from the library helped with an advanced reading list and took some books home to read every day. Matilda was a very intelligent girl she developed telekinetic powers according to Benjamin (2013) telekinetic powers make a person move objects through the mind. Matilda got sent off to a school headed by a cruel principal Trunchbull. Matilda was put in a class where she met her wonderful teacher Miss Honey who was very different from her mean parents and cruel principal. On the first day of school her teacher Miss Honey realised how smart Matilda is then she went to ask Trunchbull if Matilda could go to a higher class but Trunchbull was mean and cruel to Miss honey. Miss Honey invited Matilda at her house for tea after Trunchbull blames Matilda for putting a newt in glass she was drinking water from. Miss Honey tells Matilda about her past her mother died and how her mean aunt Trunchbull ruined her life and Miss Honey suspects that her aunt might have killed her father and stolen all her money. Matilda puts her telekinetic powers to practise to help Miss honey to get her stuff back from her aunt Trunchbull. Trunchbull visits miss Honeys class and she was being abusive to the children till she was interrupted by a piece of chalk that was writing on it on, on the chalk board. It wrote Trunchbull needs to give back everything she stole from Miss Honey then she passed out and this was all Matildas telekinetic powers and Trunchbull though it was Miss Honeys father who passed away. Trunchbull obeyed all the instructions. Miss honey moved back to her fathers house and starts living a happy and decent life again. Matilda who visits Miss Honey everyday get moved up to the schools highest class. One day she finds out that her parents are planning to move to Spain because they were running away from the police because her father used to sell bad car parts to customers.   Matilda refused to go with them and she took out some adoption papers so her parents can sign them then Miss Honey can adopt her. The parents signed the papers then Miss Honey and Matilda lived happy ever after together. Later on in the movie Miss Honey became a good advocate for Matilda. Miss Honey supported and helped Matilda to develop her skills and she also tried to speak to Matildas parents who did not care about what she said at all so that she could gain their support but they were not interested which made Miss honey and Matildas connection strong. She helped Matilda by giving her the voice and confidence she encouraged her to continue with her reading so she can reach her maximum potential Matildas powers where first seen when her father stopped her from reading and book and forced her to watch television. Matilda became very angry when her father was holding her head still forcing her to watch television she glanced at the television till it exploded her powers seem to show up when she feels she is powerless. When her father took away what matters to her, powers took what matters to her father. Matilda was angered by her principal she blamed her for putting a newt in her glass of water she felt powerless whenever she felt powerlessness her powers reveal and tipped over the glass and tossed the newt onto the principal using her powers. This is whats happening to Matilda and her rights, Matildas parents ignored and mistreated her when she spoke about school because they did not see how intelligent she is. Matilda asked for a book from her father and the whole family laughed at her then she discovered a local library at the age of four she walked there every day to read while she was left alone at home. At the age of six and the half she lost patience with her parents expressing a desire to go to school her father continued to criticise her angrily then she thought of punishing her father. Every child has the right to education Harry her father ended up enrolling Matilda into school, Matildas rights where put in to consideration. Matilda was discriminated by her principal Trunchbull who treated her unfairly from other children because her vehicle barely made it into the school yard and she took out her frustration on Matilda because her father sold Trunchbull a faulty car she was locked up in the chokey ,a tall narrow closet lined with nails and broken glass. Miss Honey came to rescue Matilda because no child is mean to be treated that way and took Matilda back to class.

The tourism industry Essay -- essays research papers

Tourism is a major economic and social significant that has been recognized in both developed and developing countries. Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence. The activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations by facilities are meant to cater the needs of the consumer. The act of traveling for pleasure is a luxury. Until recently only a restricted few had the time and money to travel. Increasing leisure, higher incomes and greatly enhanced mobility have combined to enable more people to partake in travel. The concept of wide-scale travel away from home is a relatively new phenomenon. In the past few people enjoyed free time, and any was usually attributed to religious reasons, hence the word holidays (holy days). Early travel often consisted of pilgrimages and later health spas became very popular. As social and economic development of countries accelerated, so did wages and work conditions. Railways in the nineteenth century made transportation easier and presently air transportation put the whole world at reach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What motivates a tourist? The world is vast and ready to be explored and many people with the means to travel enjoy not only the relaxation aspect of vacationing but also exploring various geographical locations to benefit from learning of a different culture, society and practices of a diverse globe. The importance of consumer behavior within the t...

Jacobson V. United States :: essays research papers

Jacobson v. United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supreme Court of the United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1992. 503 U.S. 540, 112 S.Ct. 1535. FACTS= On September 24, 1987, Keith Jacobson was indicted on charges of violating a provision of the Child Protection Act of 1984, which criminalizes the knowing receipt through mail of a â€Å"visual depiction [that] involves the use of minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct.† On Feb 1984 Jacobson ordered two magazines in the mail of young boys. The magazines entitled Bare Boys 1 and Bare Boys 2, contained material of nude young boys from preteen to teens. Jacobson claimed that he want to order material of 18 year olds and up. However Jacobson’s receipt of the magazines was legal under both federal and Nebraska laws. Laws were constructed three months after the order was filled that banned all sexual depictions of children. Soon after the Gov. started setting up Jacobson by sending him applications to phony organizations that were illegally based. PROCEDURAL HISTORY= This was brought to the state court were Jacobson was found guilty and then after exhausting the state level he appealed to supreme court of the United States. ISSUE= The issue involving this case is during the time Jacobson purchased the magazines they were legal. The government directed Jacobson into many different phony organizations to trap him into guilt. The jury must decide whether Mr. Jacobson willingly participated in illegal activities or was just involved by being duped by the government. HOLDING= The government showed that the defendant was predisposed to engage in illegal conduct. He received the photos, and was predisposed to willingly break the law to do so. He was found guilty because they do not have to show that he intended to break the law only that he received illegal material of minors.

Music and Literature Essay

Music and literature have played an important role in our community and society since not only humans but the earth was born. It’s still a great mystery as to who invented or made music first. But first of all we shouldn’t focus as to when was music made but should see that what actually music is? How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies. Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art, lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition. Music is sometime said to be a branch of literature. Now the question stands that what is literature? Literature is the body of all written works; the collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture; all the papers, treatises, etc. published in academic journals on a particular subject. its particularly hard to understand but in simple words literature means a piece of work written deeply form the or whatever your experiences and brain say and to put that experience and the work of brain into a piece of writing. Literature comes from the Latin word literra meaning a piece of writing. Literature has many branches like narrative stories, novels, poems and etc. Music is also a famous branch of literature. There are many music lovers found all over the world. Music is further separated into many other branches e.g. jazz, pop and etc. Music has been with us since the start of our beautiful earth. Music is just an inch away from us always: it’s in the rustling of leafs, the sound of waves hitting the shore, the quite sound that trees make when they sway in the air.

Management and Sm Essay

Answer : yes its will get long time strategy and its will be from 1 year up 3 year maybe its be long time strategy until the clear and understand about the policy and situation of this SM (m&M) believe in determinism, that is, the choices they make are determined by their internal and external environments, are proactive, shape ideas, and change the way people think about what is desirable, possible, and necessary more willing to invest in innovation, human capital, and creating and maintaining an effective culture to ensure long-term viability focus on tacit knowledge and develop strategies as communal forms of tacit knowledge that promote enactment of a vision, see themselves as conservators and regulators of existing order; sense of who they are depends on their role in organization Note :Recent reports indicate the continued preference of ‘Ramalingam Raju’s’ style of management by the old employees of Satyam and the fact that such employees feel that they are being managed by outsiders. It is also rumored that it is these employees who are now trying to switch their jobs. Of course, the SM management is doing its best to win over such employees and is taking pro-active steps to dissipate such rumors. 2. What HR strategy would you recommend for SM to inculcate a sense of belongingness, loyalty and improved performance of its employees? Answer: * The Sm its very important role is playing for the improve of loyalty of employees and performance of employees, * The SM its master the competence of sm ,which discuses methodologies of tolerating and managing stress one needs to climb which are stress tolerance and impulse controls ,respectively . Focus on corporate strategy, and try to pinpoint at least three goals of the strategy as stated by upper-level management. Create human resource performance indicators that are closely tied to the strategy objectives for the organization. Focus on both short- and long-term strategy objectives. For instance, suppose if its has SM . There’s a strong link between experience and education in terms of employee performance , Figure out how management measures strategy implementation. Connect the human resource performance goals to management’s measurement. The sales staff or the employees that interface directly with customers are usually the easiest to measure in terms of performance. This may be an ideal group to measure. Track the connection between strategic management goals and human resource performance goals, and try to identify trends in human resource actions/strategy and the overall corporate strategy. It is important to be able to link the connection using the same measurement criteria as management to improve the SM . short-term performance of a business and its underlying health—that is, involved in situations and contexts characteristic of day-to-day activities, its ability to sustain and improve performance year after year after year. They also may need to manage their companies differently. view work as an enabling process involving some combination of ideas and people interacting to establish strategies

Effect Of Gangsterism Essay

2.0 Effect of Gangsterism Gangsterisms is a social phenomenon that occurs widely among the youth in our country. With the rapid rise of this problem, gangsterisms have much negative impact on individuals, families, and communities. 2.1 Individual In term of individual, student who involves themselves with gangsterism will face bad consequences in their life including having a dark future. Thus, their future might be threatened due to the result of their behavior. Most probably they will be detained because somehow they able to create chaotic scene in their surroundings. This will also affect their life as they unable to perform their study in higher level and they might spend their teenage years in juvenile school or rehabilitation centre. On the contrary, those with a bright future able to continue their study while they had wasting their precious life in prison.They also will give a bad impact or influence to the youngers. They will follow the foot step of the elder ones in family and causing them to follow the wrong path as the elder ones. From The Star online, Wan Junaidi, a former policeman, said the army and police had fought the communists and protected the country from grave danger in the 1960s and therefore, was confident that they could combat gangsterism. â€Å"In the past, we chased after communists in the jungles, but now the gangsters are there — they are not hiding. I can’t accept the excuse that because of gangsterism, we can’t enforce the law. â€Å"So what else next? Are we to allow gangsters to rule the country because they are gangsters?† he pointed out. (by Chan, Zora. February 5, 2012) In fact teenagers who usually have the desire to do something new, they would do some bad things without thinking about the possible effects of their actions in future. Teenagers involved in social causes them to be brings into contempt and ragtag. At this level of teen lacks direction or clear goals in the future and not an ambitious. Although they were repented, they still hard to earn the trust of the community and they will be stigmatized.  This makes it difficult for them to get the next job will ignored by family members could not tolerate their behavior causes them added life inevitably fluctuate. A gang offers protection to its members; to the uninitiated and insecure, a gang means security from racial harassment and law enforcement agencies. Some join gangs for fun, but are soon swept into a vicious cycle of violent crime and drugs. The prime targets for gangs are new immigrants who have language and cultural differences from mainstream communities. Troubled youth and rebellious teenagers may join gangs and directly or indirectly influence community life.In communities where gang activity dictates normal living, there are very few signs of healthy, progressive life or development. Community development projects are kept on hold as money is allocated to combat gang warfare. Law enforcement agencies take on a tough stance when it comes to these communities. As a result, innocent families also live backward, hopeless lives where there opportunities are severely curtailed by the terrifying presence of gangs. 2.2 Family In the context of family, parents need to receive the bad treatment as the result of their children behavior. Most probably, parents might be insulted or becoming the subject of hatred from people in their surrounding. They might be blame for what their children had done and through other people eyes they had to be responsible. Somehow, there are parents who try so hard, in order to guide their children back to the right path. However, some children are too stubborn and ignore the advice of their respectful parents. In addition, parents need to face with reality that their children are not turn into a good person and turn out differently from what they had expected. SB’s relationship with his mother was described as tumultuous. His gang involvement must have been the reason for many of their arguments, as it is clear that she consistently made her disapproval of his lifestyle known. She would remind him of the effects his lifestyle is having on her and his  younger brothers, though he ignored her. Once, however, there was a retaliation attack on his family home after he fought with another gangster. The rival gang threatened his mother with death and trashed his family’s home. This incident was SB’s first experience of the dangerous consequences that being a gangster could have for one’s family. As a gangster, his mother’s voice stayed in his head, admonishing him about his lifestyle. â€Å"My mother’s voice, yes †¦ Her voice was the only voice that even now helps. She was always there, even when I went to jail. She would always talk, even scold, and say ‘I am not putting you out because yo u are a gangster, it is because I do not agree with what you do.’ (Daniels, Doria and Adams, Quinton. July 1, 2010: 45-60) By the conduct of themselves, their families gangster actors also get impact. The community will lose faith in the family, but the family’s honor is scratched with teen action like ‘menconteng arang ke muka’. This may affect the future of other siblings and even worse if the affected family members who are emotionally and unable to handle the pressure from society. This problem will persist in the long term to be restored. Sub-economic areas, where gangsterism is the most prevalent and problematic, are good training grounds for would-be gangsters. In most instances, both parents are either unemployed or both are working, leaving their children unattended or with strangers. Gangs quickly exploit such situations. In fact, they thrive on it, offering youngsters a â€Å"surrogate family† setup which gives the youngsters a sense of belonging. In most cases, youths are used to commit the crimes – such as murder, rape, etc – effectively obscuring the leadership from being identified. Often, the order to commit a crime is filtered thorugh the ranks of a gang. Thus, the person committing the crime never knows who gave the order. The police, therefore, are never able to get hold of the leadership. 2.3 Society Gangsterism of all levels and types usually has a negative effect on society. Gangsterism also can bring down the property value of neighborhoods from the violence and vandalism involved with gangsterism life. Big money investors  may shy away from places where they feel that their properties and resources will not be used for fear of gang crimes. Gangsterism can also drive up prices of local groceries and commodities via their intimidating schemes that force businesses to pay them sums of money in exchange for â€Å"protection.† As for society, they will feel insecure and threatened over this matter because they felt that the surrounding is not the safe place anymore due to the violent act of gangster. Society would normally avoid to get out of the house. This is because, they afraid of been victims of terrorism. All their daily activities such as sports, recreation, and so on will be reduced or be stopped to ensure safety. Usually when the most feared society were involved in the fights between gangster groups. Their fights will usually result in serious injury or even worse death. The behavior of gangster might endanger their life because at some point, gangster can turn out to be a killer and some of them also fight among each other to show their power. In addition, this kind of phenomenon also spread widely in school. Futhermore, it had come to the stage where school compound cannot be considered as a safe place anymore due to the gangsterism activities that take place in school area They also will make the students be afraid to go to the school. Middleton-Moz and Zawadski (2002) argue that our own lack of awareness often causes us to be both deaf and blind to the pain experienced by our nation’s youth and, as a result, our young people too often become the prisoners of their sadness and depression, seeing little possibility for change and no way. Therefore, it show that our own lack of concern over what had happened make the matter of gangsterism getting worst until the victim of gangsterism are being abuse physically and emotionally. Society is no l onger felt peace and harmony in the country which they had resided. They cannot move out freely as they are afraid of those gangsters and worried about their safety. They will be a burden to the people or to the neighbourhood. ‘Predatory crime does not merely victimise individuals; it impedes and, in extreme cases, even prevents the formation and maintenance of community. By disrupting the delicate nexus of ties, formal and informal, by which we are  linked with our neighbours, crime atomises society and makes of its members mere individual calculators, estimating their own advantage, especially their own chances of survival amidst their fellows.’ (James Q. Wilson (1975) Thinking About Crime) In communities where gang activity dictates normal living, there are very few signs of healthy, progressive life or development. Community development projects are kept on hold as money is allocated to combat gang warfare. Law enforcement agencies take on a tough stance when it comes to these communities. As a result, innocent families also live backward, hopeless lives where there opportunities are severely curtailed by the terrifying presence of gangs.

Bromination of Acetanilide

The objective of this experiment was to use melting point and NMR to determine which of two isomers, ortho or para, would most likely form after brominating Acetanilide through electrophilic aromatic substitution. Procedure/Observations: 1. Weigh out ~280 mg of acetanilide in a 10 mL r. b. flask with a stir bar. 2. Then, add 2. 0 mL of glacial acetic acid using a calibrated Pasteur pipet. 3. Stir the mixture until all of the acetanilide has dissolved. It may be necessary to add more acetic acid dropwise until full dissolution has occured. In the fume hood, add 0. 6 mL of 4. 1 M bromine solution in acetic acid. 5. Cap the round bottom flask before returning to the bench. 6. For 15-20 minutes, stir the reaction mixture at room temperature so that the reddish-orange coloration will fade and a solid precipitate will form. 7. Return to the hood and add a few more drops of the bromine solution in the hood if all the coloration fades. 8. Once the reaction is complete, return to the hood. 9. Transfer the mixture to a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask with 10 mL of water. 10. Rinse the reaction flask out using another 5. 0 mL of water. 11. Using a Pasteur pipet, add 30% sodium thiosulfate dropwise while swirling until the bromine coloration is no longer visible. 12. Return to the bench to complete the final work-up. 13. Cool the reacting mixture in an ice bath. 14. Collect the solid precipitate using a Hirsch funnel through vacuum filtration. 15. Wash with ice cold water to complete the transfer. If the crude product is yellow, disconnect the vacuum, add a few drops of the sodium thiosulfate solution, then reconnect the vacuum. Follow with 1 or 2 washings of ice cold water. 17. Dry the crude product 5-10 minutes using the vacuum. 18. Recrystallize the crude product using an ethanol/water mixed solvent combination. Be sure to dissolve the crude product in the minimal volume of hot ethanol with swirling. 19. Add water dropwise until a cloud point is reached. 20. Rewarm the solution until it is clear again. 21. Allow the solution to cool until crystals form before icing. 22. On a Hirsch funnel under vacuum using cold water washings collect the crystals. Continue the vacuum for 5-10 minutes to dry. 8. Find the final weight and calculate the yield. 9. Find the melting point of the product, then obtain the 1H NMR of the product in CDCl3. Overall Reaction: Mechanisms: Stoichiometric Table: CompoundMolar Mass (g/mol)Density (g/mL)mg or mLMmolMolar equiv. Acetanilide (Limiting Reagent)135. 171. 22333. 0 mg2. 46 1. 00 Bromine soln. 159. 803. 1190. 6 mL24. 610. 0 Glacial Acetic acid60. 051. 0492 mL34. 914. 2 Calculations 1) Moles of Acetanilide Used = 0. 333g/135. 17g/mol *1000 = 2.46mmol. Moles of Bromine Solution Used = 4. 1M * 0. 0006L = 24. 6mmol 3) Moles of Glacial Acetic Acid Used = 1. 049g/ml * 2. 00ml * 1mol/60. 05g/mol = 34. 9mmol 4) Molar equivalent of Bromine soln. = 24. 6 mmol / 2. 46mmol = 10. 0 5) Molar equivalent of Glacial Acetic Acid = 34. 9mmol / 2. 46mmol = 14. 2 6) Theoretical Yield of Product = 214. 07g/mol * 0. 00246mol = 0. 527g 7) Crude yield of product = 0. 1471g 8) Actual Yield of Product = 0. 0912g 9) Percent recovery from recrystallization = 0. 0912g/0. 1471g * 100 = 61. Percent yield = 0. 0912g/0. 527g * 100 = 17. 3% Results: Theoretical Yield of Product: 0. 527g Actual Yield of product: 0. 0912g Percent yield from recrystallization: 61. 9% Percent Yield of Product: 17. 3% Literature Melting Point Range: 166-170Â °C Experimental Melting Point Range: 165. 5-166. 5Â °C NMR Data: Shift (ppm)SignalIntegrationAssignment 7. 382-7. 434Multiplet 4 (2 for each aromatic proton-overlapping)Aromatic protons ortho and meta to the acetamido group 7. 260SingletProteolated SolventCDCl? impurities 2. 168Singlet3Methyl group

Budgeting and customer satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Budgeting and customer satisfaction - Essay Example There are some factors and approaches that Duma may need to focus on/adopt in order to maintain or even increase its market share in terms of attracting more customers. Discuss these factors and approaches and how they may be used by Duma corporation. In order for Duma to expand on its market, Duma Corporation has to adopt strategic management in its operations. With strategic management, the company has to start with setting a mission, vision, and corporate objectives, and then crafting a strategy in order for the company to thrive in its chosen industry. Strategic management entails application of strategic marketing, strategic finance, strategic human resource management and other functions of the company's operations. Strategic marketing will be the front-runner of the company's efforts in order to attract more customers, and increase its market share in the process. How does the company do this' It has to assess the current level of the demand in the market, as well as the supply. Given the gap in the market, it can set a certain level of market share which it aims to capture as its marketing objective. This target market share is transformed into sales objectives. After determining its marketing objectives, the ... This target market share is transformed into sales objectives. After determining its marketing objectives, the company can craft its marketing strategy. It must set criteria to segment the market, such as profitability as it cannot please all the customers (Duncan 2005). After knowing the segments and targeting a segment where it want to operate, the company must know what the attributes are customers give premium on when choosing specialist photocopiers. Armed with this knowledge, the company can position itself according to the preferences of consumers. This positioning, or what the company stands for as regards its offer should set a level of expectation for the market. Satisfaction of its current customers is key to retaining its market share; satisfaction occurs when the level of expectation of the customers is exceeded (Pickton & Broderick 2001). Thus, Duma corporation must exceed what customers expect of its product in order to satisfy them, make them loyal to the brand or product of the company, or in extreme cases, advocate the brand which can help the company acquire more customers in the process. It is very usual that positive word of mouth can accompany high levels of customer satisfaction (Duncan 2005), and this positive word of mouth is a very powerful marketing communications tool in order for Duma to reach and convert other customers to joining its customer base. Customer satisfaction by providing satisfactory product and services is key for Duma to maintain its market share. This customer-centric approach to marketing is can only be accomplished by investing in consumer research in order to probe for the preferences of the customers (Pickton & Broderick 2001). Without knowing what the customers

Marxist Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Theory - Essay Example The developed world acquired its wealth through the use of cheap production material. In addition, labor costs were cheap. No efforts were made to cater for the needs of employees, forced labor and hard work by the slaves led to economic materialism and wealth enjoyed by most western states (Trainer, 2010). The capitalist determines the fate of the proletariat. Laws have been instituted to ensure that the proletariat works effectively in meeting the demands of the capitalist. Wages, working hours, and working conditions are determined by the capitalists. According to Marxists, the society is divided into primitive, slave, feudal and capitalist. In addition, there are the proletariat and bourgeoisie (capitalists). It is the capitalists who own and decide the destiny of other â€Å"sub-structure† of the society. The production resources are manipulated and controlled by the capitalists. The proletariat exists to work and acquire wealth for the capitalists. Dominant ideas from the elite (bourgeoisie) were used in achieving material wealth. Importantly, elements within the society such as education, law, and morality were determined by the economic situation of a given state Means of production include slave labor, technology, and machines. The means of production are used to produce goods and services for the capitalists. Without means of production, capitalists and modern states cannot achieve their economic objectives. Slavery was particularly used in the United States to acquire wealth and industrial development. Relations of production is defined as the social organization of production. In particular, it refers to individuals who own the productive forces and how they manipulate them to achieve their objectives. For example, the capitalists forced slaves to work for them. In the current society, human beings are forced to work for a certain

State-Federal Controversies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

State-Federal Controversies - Essay Example The American people do not want to be governed by a single authority just like the past Britain rule. To be regulated at the state level is appropriate. In a federalist set-up, the local governments are given more autonomy. Autonomy is very important to them especially in implementing their own rules. Being autonomous means that the local governments (which refer to the different states in America) do not depend on the national government in terms of budget. The states could implement their own taxing laws as a source of their budget and they could use their income without asking permission from the national government. Nevertheless, despite this freedom, the local governments are obliged to observe the American constitution. This means that they are free to make their own policies as long as it is in conformity with the letter and spirit of the constitution. The issue is important to consider since it talks about the type of government in America. It can enlighten the readers of the rationale behind the adoption of such governmental structure. I am grateful to the founders of the U.S. constitution for adopting federalism. Work Cited Bodenhamer, David. Federalism Checks the Power of the Central Government. America.gov Archive, 2 Jan. 2007. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. .

Managing Strategically in The Public services Essay

Managing Strategically in The Public services - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the traditional model of administration was criticized earlier for its inward focus and short-term perspective. Both of these shortcomings have altered with the advent of public management, and the public sector now shows more concern with longer-term strategy than ever before. The strategic perspective considers the organization in its external environment; it aims to specify clear goals and objectives; it attempts to move away from routine management tasks to consider, in a systematic way, longer-term considerations of the very future of the organization. The strategy addresses ‘a crucial concern; positioning the organization to face an increasingly uncertain future. The traditional model missed out on the longer-term perspective and, by being preoccupied with process, often forgot there was a larger purpose, an overall goal, for any public organization. Using strategic concepts in the public sector is one way to address these shortcomings. Applications of strategy in the private sector are obvious enough, with considerable advantages resulting from looking a the long term and the external environment, rather than always considering more immediate internal problems. Normal management processes may be adequate for ordinary operations but it is also necessary, from time to time too, reassess the fundamental reason why the organizations exist, what it is trying to do and where it is going.... Strategic planning in the public sector is a phenomenon of gthe early 1980s, significantly later than its development in the private sector. Strategic management was also adopted but again followed the private sector with a gap of some years (Hughes 136) However strategic planning and strategic management are private sector concepts and it cannot be taken for granted that the ideas will work in the public sector. There are more problems and constraints compared to the private sector . Nutt and Backoff argue that strategic managers in the public sector 'should be wary of using private sector approaches that assume clear goals, profit or economic purposes, unlimited authority to act, secret development, limited responsibility for actions, and oversight through market mechanisms that signal financial results' and in public organisations 'many of these assumptions are not valid' in Hughes p136 Bozeman and Straussman argue that there are three major features of a strategic approach: defining goals and objectives, developingan action plan that meditates between the organisatin and the environment and designing effective methods of implementation'. (1990 in Hughes 137) The Bryson model (1988) is a strategic planning model derived from the private sector, but with some variations to allow for the public sector context: initiating and agreeing on a strategic planning process identifying organisations mandates clarifying organisation mission and values assessing the external environment (opportunities and threats) Assessing the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) Identifying the strategic issues facing an organisation Formulating strategies to manage the issues; and Establishing an effective organisation visionf or the future In Hughes 138 The next

Relevancy of Effective Personal Health Care Communication Term Paper

Relevancy of Effective Personal Health Care Communication - Term Paper Example It has been noticed that the cases of patient complaints are likely to be lowered when effective communication activities are maintained between the service providers and the patients. It facilitates them to identify the problems faced by the patients and assists them in solving problems in a better way. Therefore, it can be stated that effective communication enhances the overall quality of care as well as the services provided by the several caregivers to the patients, and improves the satisfaction level of patients (BA & OO, 2012). Healthcare communications have a significant influence on the health outcome of individuals. It facilitates the individuals to get aware of the health hazards that they might face, and also educates them about the preventive measures which should be taken in order to minimize as well as eliminate the chances of health problems to occur. Healthcare communications provide various means for the individuals to be healthy by providing adequate knowledge to the individuals about the nutritional necessity of human body and facilitate them to lead a healthy life. This type of communication activities can also educate the individuals about the adverse effects of consuming alcohol and other such drugs. It aids individuals in minimizing the consumption of alcohol and other similar drugs. Furthermore, healthcare communications aid in improving quality of services rendered to the patient and also ensures safety of the patients (National Business Group on Health, 2012). Ineffective communications have several significant effects on health outcomes. Certain researches carried out during the period 1995 to 2005 have revealed the fact that ineffective communication has been the major cause in almost 66% percent of the medical miscalculations (Institute for Healthcare Communication, 2012). Furthermore, it has also been noticed that ineffective communication acted as a cause for physical and emotional injury to the patients.

The Reasons Why Some People Stay in Abusive Relationships despite the Research Paper

The Reasons Why Some People Stay in Abusive Relationships despite the Risks - Research Paper Example It is estimated that approximately 1.5 million women in the US encounter violence from their male partners annualy. However, statistics also indicate that men are also victims of domestic violence, with 2010 reports showing that approximately 40% of domestic violence cases involved men. In addition, it has been observed that 85% of violent women are more likely to use deadly weapons such as knives, hot water, blunt objects among others on their victims as opposed to the 15% of men (Vernick 15-23). Majority of victims in violent relationships opt to divorce their partners, but there are those who opt to remain in such relationships despite the hardships. A person who has never experienced such violence may wonder why a person in his or her right mind may wish to stay in such a relationship; however, there are reasons as to why this happens. This paper is a critical evaluation of why people stay in abusive relationships. Discussion Penia notes that â€Å"In an abusive relationship, ab usive language, violence, threats, sexual coercion and unfulfilled duties and promises are common† (20). ... The deprivation of basic needs is also a common means of achieving the same ends. As a result, the victim gradually wears out physically and emotionally. With time, the victim loses body strength, fails to attentively concentrate on his or her work, suffers bouts of depression and trauma, health problems arise due to poor appetite and constant worry, and the victim loses morale. As the victim weakens, the perpetrator’s control increases and acts of aggression increase in intensity and severity. Acts of aggression are focused on the victim or the designated prey of the attack, but in other instances they may be directed towards a close relative. In both cases, domination over the victim is the key objective of the perpetrator. One such example of indirect domestic abuse is verbal insults and dehumanizing treatment directed towards the victim’s close relative. Abusive relationships do not discriminate. This is to mean that they don’t have demographic boundaries or preferences. Volpe indicates that â€Å"For one, gay individuals are at the same risk of aggressive relationships and abuse as are heterosexual couples† (8). Therefore, abusive relationships have the same prevalence of occurrence within different races, economic standing, societal status, degree of literacy, and so forth. Women are considered as the weaker sex and hence are more susceptible to victimization than men. However, cases of male victims are also common, especially in verbal and emotional abuse. Psychologists indicate that the emotional abuse that results from abusive relationships is as damaging and detrimental to the victim as the physical abuse. Effects of the emotional abuse have

Community Empowerment and Motivation to Healthcare in an Acute Care Se Essay - 13

Community Empowerment and Motivation to Healthcare in an Acute Care Setting - Essay Example Motivation, however, involves triggering interest for application of developed potentials. Healthcare based empowerment and motivation within communities, therefore, involves facilitating self-reliance in improving health standards through prevention of diseases and infections without the direct involvement of care personnel. This aids self-care that, according to World Health Organization, is people’s potential, at either personal or communal level, to improve health standards, â€Å"prevent disease, and maintain health, and cope with illness and disability† without input from care personnel (Barlow, n.d., p. 1). Such empowerment and motivation are essential in the scope of acute care that majorly involves injuries and injury-related complications such as central nervous system and cerebrovascular accident complications, and â€Å"respiratory diseases,† â€Å"head injury,† â€Å"hemorrhage,† (Asha, 2013, p. 1). Community empowerment and motivation is an essential need that requires attention in acute care because of its preventive measure and its importance in providing emergency care in absence of care personnel. Its involved awareness and development of strengths for care initiatives ensure communities’ ability prevent the need for acute care and ability to meet rising health care needs. Consequently, the need ensures a healthy society regardless of the scarcity of health care facilities and personnel. It also means that community empowerment and motivation will relieve pressure on care facilities and promote efficiency in acute care services (See, 2007). My developed knowledge from the Doctor of Nursing Practice has diversified potentials to contribute to a nursing professional organization. My most significant contribution could be in the field of nursing research in which I could investigate aspects of self-care in an acute care setting. My research could explore people’s behavior and actions, and their possible effects on health.

Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirellis film Essay Example for Free

Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirellis film Essay Having watched two different film adaptations of Romeo and Juliet, it is clear to see that the two directors have used a number of different techniques, quite differently at times, to put across their particular interpretations of the play. These methods and different interpretations are very obvious if one studies the same scene as portrayed in each film. We looked at Franco Zeffirellis 1970s version of the play and Baz Luhrmanns recent adaptation produced in 1996 and focused on their interpretation of the scene where Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time. The first thing I noticed is that costume is very important in Zeffirellis scene. Juliet, played by Olivia Hussey, is wearing a traditional styled red and gold dress, which highlights wealth. It is not as detailed as most at the party which points to the fact that it is not just material wealth she has but also the huge amount of natural beauty she has. The bright red contrasts with her pale complexion and jet-black hair to make her look very striking. Romeos outfit is also very noticeable as he is wearing a mask. It adds to the air of mystery around him as Juliet meets him for the first time. It also helps to make a point about the nature of their attraction: when she first sees him, Juliet sees only Romeos eyes, yet is still drawn to him. Therefore, here there is something more than physical attraction. Instead, it seems to be a communion of souls since eyes are often considered to be the windows to this part of ourselves. The choreography of the scene also reveals something about Romeos feelings towards Juliet. His attention is fixed upon a lady which we assume to be Rosaline who is dancing and then twirls out of shot to reveal Juliet to R0meo. It is here that he proclaims he has never seen true beauty until now. It is showing to us that although Romeo thought he was in love with Rosaline, it is nothing compared to his feelings for Juliet. When the chance arises for Romeo to join Juliet in a dance, he dismisses other ladies for the opportunity to dance with Juliet. As the dancing gets faster, long shots are used to show the amount of people present at the party. The dancing changes and people begin to spin around in a circle; the camera shots change, letting people flow past the camera at a very high speed. It looks like flashes of colour flying through the shot; no faces can be seen  clearly. The fast dancing reflects the sheer excitement that they are feeling, that they are so in love that it is truly exhilarating. It is here that Franco Zeffirelli shows how love at first sight really can be true as amongst the chaos and frivolity of colour, the camera jump cuts to Romeo to the party of moving colour and to Juliet. He has done this to show how amongst the chaos of their feuding families, they have their own world where no one else matters except each other. When the bard starts to sing, Romeo and Juliet speak for the first time. As they do, the words being sung in the background have a large resemblance to their lives. It tells of their willingness to be together but their struggle to make it possible as they are torn apart by their feuding families. As the choreography reflects the emotions of the characters, the score that plays in the Zeffirelli film reflects their emotions again as when Romeo sees Juliet, he sees her beauty and the score changes to a softer, more gentle tune. Franco Zeffirelli contrasts Romeo and Juliet when they are together with the music. It changes from loud, frantic music to gentle, heavenly tunes, the score changes to a minor key as she is not sure about him and then surges as they kiss. In the play, Shakespeare also juxtaposes scenes that are chaotic with very calm peaceful ones. As I have said, the score changes as Juliet and Romeo are together and in the play, Shakespeare shows their love by constantly comparing scenes with them in to scenes with fighting, frantic happenings and chaos. In Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, the scene I have studied begins with Romeo played by Leonardo Di Caprio with his face submerged in water, washing his face, which clears his mind of drugs and he sees Juliet in a clearer light. The lovers first meeting is a sequence where each is on either side of a lavish fish tank. The lighting used is a pale blue, making it seem slightly surreal, almost dream like. As Romeo and Juliet playfully look at each other through the tank, camera shots cleverly portray their meeting to look like they are together inside the tank. In this scene, camera distances vary from medium close-shots to close-ups and  back again, their eyes are depicted throughout, as the camera shots change, it portrays them watching each other, discovering each other every feature, every move. The idea of social and physical barriers is presented by having the fish tank between the two of them, keeping them apart thus visualizing to the audience the other aspect of Romeo and Juliets love. The fish tank serves as a physical barrier between the two lovers, even though there are also a lot of emotional barriers. Even though Romeo is dazed from the ecstasy pill and his infatuation with Rosaline, it is the water that purifies and cleanses his mind and it the free, flowing nature of water that Luhrmann uses as a representation of love. When the two lovers kiss in the lift, the cameras encircle them, thus suggesting that Romeo and Juliet are at the centre of their own universe, in total disregard or lack of awareness of the social chaos as suggested by the blurred images around them. The way in which the imagery of water is used to symbolise their own world, camera shots, lighting and music also add to the depth of their love. The beautiful melody of Kissing You marks the initial meeting of Romeo and Juliet, and Desrees deep, soulful voice glides gently through the house as the strangers playfully observe each other through the fish tank. The score is a brave and eclectic mix of atmospheric music from Radioheads Talk Show Host to Wagners Liebstod. The emphasis is on music that is emotive and suitable for a particular scene rather than creating a soundtrack rooted in one genre as in the Zeffirelli adaptation. The Capulet Ball is one of the most outstanding sequences in the movie. The decorations are spectacular, and the costumes are magnificent. However, the party is not all just glitz and glamour. Upon closer investigation, we can see that it is also a perfect opportunity for Luhrmann to accentuate the individual motivations of the characters with clever use of costumes. Romeo is the knight in shining armour who has been sent to rescue Juliet, and Juliet is a bright angel, innocent and pure, who has been sent to relieve Romeos confusion and despair. Luhrmann supplements this image by showing Romeo and Juliet as innocent, beautiful and youthful. This is achieved by the continuous focus of the cameras on the freshness of their skin, their  sparkling eyes, flushed cheeks and pink lips in addition to the words of Shakespeare. In conclusion, these two films, although based upon the same play, come across very differently. The fact that Franco Zeffirelli has set his in the time Shakespeare intended it to and Baz Luhrmann has set his in 20th century Verona beach, Florida has a considerable amount to do with these differences. It is interesting to see that both directors have used the concept of the young couple existing in their own world, although both of them use different techniques to present this, their outcome is visualised to the viewer the same. Baz Luhrmann has had certain advantages to his film as he had technology to help him portray the initial meaning in a more dream like manner with the help of special lighting and specific camera shots. Also, this adaptation was a major Hollywood blockbuster with millions of dollars to be spent on it. Whereas, 40 years ago, I imagine that Franco Zeffirelli would have had to deal with a budget and obviously, did not have the technology to portray special effect s and sounds.

Relationship between Poverty and Educational Outcomes

Relationship between Poverty and Educational Outcomes Children in Poverty:  Addressing Inequalities in Educational Outcomes Jodie Somerville The American Psychological Association (2007) asserts that socioeconomic factors and social class are fundamental determinants of human functioning across the lifespan including development. Levels of parental education, occupation and income are factors used to quantify socio-economic status and classify social class (Duchesne, McMaugh, Bochner Krause, 2013). Socioeconomic status (SES) is a recognition of the economic, environmental and education factors in the lives of parents, which affect educational outcomes of children. Often the relationship between SES and education focuses on those individuals living in poverty, the lowest tranche of economic privilege. Boston (2013) asserts that there are disparities evident in educational achievement between children from advantaged backgrounds and those experiencing deprivation. Students with higher family SES have higher educational achievement than students with lower family SES with a wide gap evidenced between the two (Thrupp, as cit ed in Boston, 2013). Those disparities and the inherent causes thereof will be outlined herein. Changes that may alleviate the effect of poverty on educational outcomes in New Zealand will also be highlighted. In particular, the need for a multi-faceted approach towards addressing inequalities in educational outcomes arising from poverty and SES. In 2012, 285,000 children in this country aged 0–17 years lived in poverty equating 27% of all New Zealand children (Craig, Reddington, Wicken, Oben Simpson, 2013). It is important to note that poverty rates for MÄ ori and Pasifika children are around double those for PÄ kehÄ /European children with evidence suggesting that MÄ ori and Pasifika children are almost twice as likely to be living in severe poverty and face a higher risk of remaining in poverty for extended periods of time (Boston, 2013). Major influences on the overall level of child poverty are changes in demographics, family structure, unemployment rates, benefit and retraining levels, childcare services and housing costs, all of which are influenced in broad terms by social policy and legislation to some degree (Davies, Crothers, Hanna, 2010). These factors have led to a rise in the cost of living particularly housing affordability, food and medical care (Boston, 2013). The changes have also seen low wages and relatively high taxes for low income families with family assistance programmes not sufficient to meet shortfalls for those in poverty (Every Child Counts, 2010). These aforementioned factors that give rise to poverty and low SES have subsequent health, cognitive and socio emotional outcomes which affect child development (Duchesene et al., 2013). The development of the child then in turn affects his or her educational achievement. The relationship between SES and educational attainment of children is evidenced in a New Zealand study by Fergusson and Woodward (2000). That study noted that children from higher SES backgrounds achieved university entrance rates five times higher (57%) than those of children from families of a lower SES (11%). Further, there is a statistically significant relationship between family income during the early years of a childs life and subsequent school completion rates and adults income with children from poorer families having worse outcomes (Gibb, Fergusson, Horwood, 2012). Boston (2013) cautions that although there is evidence of a strong correlation between the socio economic status of children and their education achievement, socio economic status in itself is not the only cause of poor educational outcomes. He asserts there other interlinking factors associated with SES, particularly factors prevalent in situations of poverty, that contribute to the educational attainment gap . The first aspect affecting educational achievement is family SES and income. Duchesne et al. (2013) state that children of low SES backgrounds often have poor nutrition, are exposed to environmental hazards and have inadequate access to healthcare. Boston (2013) highlights that limited finances place constraints on choices and opportunities for those living in poverty. This includes being able to afford nutritious food, access to primary healthcare and quality early childhood education, accommodation choices and providing for a stimulating home environment. The effects of poverty on educational outcomes are wide reaching. Poor nutrition can effect physical and mental growth and development and cognitive function. It can also result in lethargy and resultant decreased motivation to learn. Boston (2013) states that children from low SES backgrounds are likely to eat fewer healthy foods and have higher cholesterol intake than their peers in elevated socioeconomic circumstances. They are also much more likely to start the school day hungry and have little or no lunch. This reduces the child’s ability to concentrate and learn and generates negative behaviours. In New Zealand lack of access to health care for children living in poverty is linked to the high rates of otitis media, an infection of the middle ear particularly prevalent in MÄ ori children, which leads to hearing loss (Duchesne et al., 2013). Boston (2013) also notes that during their early school years economically disadvantaged children typically have less access to a variety of important learning resources such as books, newspapers and the internet. The second link between poverty and educational achievement are parenting factors. Bradley Corwyn (as cited in Duchesne et al., 2013) highlight a strong association between poverty, low levels of parental education and lower levels of school achievement for children. Parental education has an effect on interactions at home and the ways in which parents interact with their children (Duchesne et al., 2013). Children whose parents, especially mothers, have higher levels of education were more likely to be supported in ways that encouraged engagement in education including better resources. Overall experience in homes with lower levels of parental education was likely to be less with lower parental input (Duchesne et al., 2013). This is evidenced in activity levels and language use with parents in poorest families using only one third of the spoken language of other families when conversing with their children (Hart Risley as cited in Duchesne et al., 2013). Language is important to le arning and displaying knowledge at school. Parents own experience of education affects interactions with children including their ability to prepare children for school, their expectations and attitudes towards education. Parents from lower SES groups may value education but have little expectation for their children to excel. They may have little or no relationship or trust towards the school or teachers. This low level of expectation is linked with a negative orientation towards school, a sense of indifference and alienation from education and influences the attendance and participation patterns of children (Boston, 2013) making further schooling beyond what is compulsory less likely (Duchesne et al., 2013). Parents with low educational achievement were also less likely to provide cognitively stimulating enrichment such as trips to libraries or specialist classes such as music lessons for their children (Duchesne et al., 2013). The third link between poverty and educational achievement is stress. Families living in poverty encounter employment uncertainty, poor financial stability, transience and often live in substandard overcrowded accommodation in neighbourhoods where violence is prevalent (Duchesne et al., 2013). These conditions of hardship are contributors to parental stress, relationship difficulties and mental health issues (Boston, 2013). Both Duchesne et al. (2013) and Boston (2013) assert a correlation between stress and maladaptive parenting behaviours (including a higher incidence of neglect and maltreatment) and lower levels of warmth and responsiveness in familial relationships. This situation undermines a child’s sense of security and self-esteem, identified as factors that may provide some resilience for children at risk from poverty (Duchesne et al., 2013). Stress also contributes to learnt helplessness and feelings of powerlessness. Children living in stressful environments, partic ularly substandard accommodation and more likely to suffer illness that impacts on learning. The transient nature of low socio economic households also has damaging educational outcomes. A fourth connection can be made between school factors and educational achievement. In the same way that a childs school outcomes are not purely as a result of their individual characteristics but subject to wider family and environmental influences, there are influential factors within schools themselves and their interactions with families that affect educational achievement for low SES children (Duchesne et al., 2013). McLloyd, 1998 (as cited in Duchesne et al., 2013) suggests that teachers often perceive students ability and behaviour more negatively for those from lower SES circumstances. Children from poverty were less likely to receive positive attention and reinforcement for academic achievement possibly attributable to lower teacher expectation for those students. Duchesne et al. (2013) highlights that there are a number of ways in which the relationship between schools and their families and communities contribute to educational disadvantage. Firstly, children whose home ex periences fit the style of the school experience better educational outcomes than those who dont. Secondly, a division may exist and be maintained between home and school where the values of the school and home differ with home values of lower SES families, particularly ethnic minorities, perceived as less valuable. In line with that, differing communication styles of home and school also serve to create a barrier for lower SES children with misunderstandings and conflict between the two environments. Lastly the perceptions of and about minority groups, who are often over represented in lower SES families, may be stereotypically based in wider societal beliefs. This can be exacerbated by practices within schools that reject or marginalise those students. Overall, these school factors can lead to withdrawal and alienation from the education system and poor outcomes for disadvantaged children. It is clear that children from lower SES backgrounds experience poor educational outcomes. The challenge of policy makers and educators is to work together collaboratively to mitigate the effects of child poverty on the education of our most vulnerable citizens. A 2014 report by the Child Poverty Action Group entitled Our Children, Our Choice sets out a number of measures which it asserts will alleviate some of the effects of poverty on childrens education. Its first recommendation is to develop culturally appropriate measures of the cognitive, affective, behavioural and developmental needs of new entrants. This data could then be used to make funding allocations to ensure children in poverty receive meaningful, enjoyable and empowering experiences to address their disadvantage, not a narrow focus on standards. In line with that, the reports second recommendation was to abandon national standards as they have been found ineffective, disadvantaging poor children’s learning and teaching in low decile schools. The third recommendation is the provision a 100% government subsidy to the lowest decile secondary schools for NCEA and scholarship examination fees. It also recommends providing NCEA subject pathway guidance to tertiary study on entry to secondary school for all students. In particular, academic counselling and target setting to improve outcomes for Pasifika students and extension of kura kaupapa MÄ ori and wharekura to more communities. The Child Poverty Action Group report from 2014 also highlighted some social measures to mitigate some of the environmental disadvantage experienced by children from low SES homes. Its first recommendation in that regard was to provide free breakfast and lunch for children in decile 1-4 schools. It extrapolated on that with an assertion that low decile schools have multi-agency services on site which would include social workers, health workers, alternative education programmes and providers and teen parent units. The Child Poverty Action Group (2014) highlight the recommendations of the Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty which suggest solutions also include expansion of the positive behaviour plans and extension of school-local community collaboration initiatives. The report also recommended a reduction in class sizes in lower decile primary schools and providing salary incentives to encourage quality teachers into schools in areas of low SES. Its final recommendati on was to retain the decile funding system principles currently in place, which are based on need and equality of outcome. In conclusion, there is substantial evidence of the correlation between socio economic deprivation and low levels of educational achievement. Boston (2013) asserts that child poverty, especially when experienced in early childhood and/or when persistent and severe, has damaging effects which are twofold firstly to the individual child but secondly the wider society. Child poverty contributes to the large educational achievement gaps between children with different SES backgrounds. The Child Poverty Action Groups measures target investment of resources and interventions towards those of highest need. Boston (2013) notes that the goal of such interventions is not merely to assist the children and families currently experiencing situations of disadvantage, but also to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and its effect on educational achievement. By ensuring that more of the children from current low-income families achieve educational success, this will translate to improved o utcomes for the next generation. Children whose material circumstances, quality of life and experiences are improved through a multifaceted approach aimed at reducing child poverty will enjoy greater choices, opportunities and success and have more favourable educational outcomes. REFERENCES: American Psychological Association Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/task-force-2006.pdf Boston, J. (2013, May). Improving educational performance: why tackling child poverty must be part of the solution. Symposium conducted at the Poverty Impacts on Learning Conference, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://igps.victoria.ac.nz/staff/team/Education and child poverty V4.pdf Child Poverty Action Group (2014). Our children, our choice: Priorities for policy. Retrieved from http://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Publications/1-0 Our Children Our Choice Part 3.pdf Craig, E., Reddington, A., Wicken, A., Oben, G., Simpson, J. (2013). Child Poverty Monitor 2013 Technical Report (Updated 2014). Dunedin. New Zealand: Child Youth Epidemiology Service, University of Otago. Retrieved from http://nzchildren.co.nz/document_downloads/2013 Child Poverty Monitor Technical Report MASTER.pdf Davies, E., Crothers, C., Hanna, K. (2010). Preventing child poverty: barriers and solutions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 39 (2) 20-31. Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A., Bochner, S., Krause, K.-L. D. (2013).Educational psychology : for learning and teaching(4th ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Every Child Counts (2010). Eradicating child poverty in New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.everychildcounts.org.nz/resources/child-poverty/ Fergusson, D. M., and Woodward, L.J. (2000). Family socioeconomic status at birth and rates of university participation. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, (1), 25. Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. (2012). Childhood family income and life outcomes in adulthood: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New Zealand. Social Science Medicine(12), 1979. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.028